Pauli String Partitioning Algorithm with the Ising Model for Simultaneous Measurements.

We propose an efficient algorithm for partitioning Pauli strings into subgroups, which can be simultaneously measured in a single quantum circuit. Our partitioning algorithm drastically reduces the total number of measurements in a variational quantum eigensolver for a quantum chemistry, one of the most promising applications of quantum computing. The algorithm is based on the Ising model optimization problem, which can be quickly solved using an Ising machine. We develop an algorithm that is applicable to problems with sizes larger than the maximum number of variables that an Ising machine can handle (nbit) through its iterative use. The algorithm has much better time complexity and solution optimality than other existing algorithms. We investigate the performance of the algorithm using the second-generation Digital Annealer, a high-performance Ising hardware, for up to 65535 Pauli strings using Hamiltonians of molecules and the full tomography of quantum states. We demonstrate a time complexity of O(N) for N ≤ nbit and O(N2) for N > nbit for the worst case, where N denotes the number of candidate Pauli strings and nbit = 8,192 in this study. The reduction factor, which is the number of Pauli strings divided by the number of obtained partitions, can be 200 at maximum.

Structural Basis for Binding of Potassium-Competitive Acid Blockers to the Gastric Proton Pump.

As specific inhibitors of the gastric proton pump, responsible for gastric acidification, K+-competitive acid blockers (P-CABs) have recently been utilized in the clinical treatment of gastric acid-related diseases in Asia. However, as these compounds have been developed based on phenotypic screening, their detailed binding poses are unknown. We show crystal and cryo-EM structures of the gastric proton pump in complex with four different P-CABs, tegoprazan, soraprazan, PF-03716556 and revaprazan, at resolutions reaching 2.8 Å. The structures describe molecular details of their interactions and are supported by functional analyses of mutations and molecular dynamics simulations. We reveal that revaprazan has a novel binding mode in which its tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety binds deep in the cation transport conduit. The mechanism of action of these P-CABs can now be evaluated at the molecular level, which will facilitate the rational development and improvement of currently available P-CABs to provide better treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal diseases.

Relationship of body fat weight and body fat ratio determined by bioelectric impedance to serum adipocytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Various adipocytokines are closely associated with both obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated how body fat weight (BFW) and body fat ratio (BFR) affected serum adipocytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Studies were conducted in type 2 diabetic patients (n = 41) and age-matched healthy subjects (n = 18). BFW and BFR were determined using a high-frequency bioelectric impedance method. We measured the adipocytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in serum. RESULTS: BFW and BFR showed significant positive correlations with BMI and serum leptin concentrations in diabetic patients. A significant positive correlation was found between BFW and serum FFA. Multivariate analysis identified only BMI a significant independent determinant of BFW. Stepwise analysis disclosed a significant positive correlation between HOMA-R and serum leptin. CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic patients, accumulation of body fat may increase serum leptin and FFA, which in turn would contribute to insulin resistance.