Nightlife, verbal and physical violence among young European holidaymakers: what are the triggers?

OBJECTIVES: There is an established relationship between nightlife, substance use and violence. This study investigated this relationship when people are on holiday, and explored the differences in experiences between physical and verbal violence. STUDY DESIGN: A survey of young tourists at seven airport departure areas in Southern European resorts. METHODS: Questionnaires from 6502 British and German tourists were analysed exploring demographics, violence (verbal and physical), substance use, and reasons for resort and venue selection. RESULTS: Over two-thirds of respondents reported being drunk on their holiday, 12.4% had been involved in arguments and 2.9% had been involved in fights. Logistic regression highlighted more violence amongst visitors to Mallorca [arguments: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.7; fights: AOR 2.0] compared with those visiting Portugal, males (arguments: AOR 1.3; fights: AOR 1.7), those who had used illicit drugs (arguments: AOR 1.5; fights: AOR 2.9), those who had been in fights at home in the last 12 months (arguments: AOR 2.2; fights AOR 2.9), and those who had frequently been drunk abroad (arguments: AOR 2.4; fights: AOR 2.5). Those aged 16-19 years, visiting Italy or Crete, who were drunk for fewer than half of the days of their stay, and who chose bars because they were frequented by drunk people were more likely to report having an argument. Fights were associated with cannabis use and were negatively associated with choosing bars with a friendly atmosphere. Economic status or frequency of visiting bars had no relationship with arguments or fights. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding and addressing the variables involved in violence when holidaying abroad is critical in targeting appropriate health promotion and harm reduction measures.

Dosage compensation of the mammalian X chromosome influences the phenotypic variability of X-linked dominant male-lethal disorders.

In mammals females inactivate one of the two X chromosomes during early development to achieve an equal gene dosage between sexes. This process, named X chromosome inactivation (XCI), usually occurs randomly. However, in a few instances, non-random XCI may take place, thus modulating the phenotype observed in female patients carrying mutations in X-linked genes. Different aspects related to dosage compensation contribute to explain the influences of XCI on the phenotypic variability observed in female patients. The study of two X-linked dominant male-lethal disorders, such as the microphthalmia with linear skin lesions (MLS) syndrome and the oral-facial-digital type I (OFDI) syndrome, offers the opportunity to discuss this intriguing topic. In addition, recent data on the characterisation of a murine model for OFDI provide the opportunity to discuss how differences in the XCI between Homo sapiens and Mus musculus can justify the discrepancies between the phenotypes observed in OFDI patients and the corresponding murine model.

Cyclosporine: update on pharmacology, analytical techniques and therapeutic monitoring.

The Authors relate about the current state of knowledge on Cyclosporin A metabolism, mechanism of action, toxic potential, necessity of therapeutic monitoring. The methods for measurement of Cyclosporin A and its metabolites and the study of their immunosuppressive activity are described. Their use for measurement of Cyclosporin G is discussed.

Reproductive hormones and menstrual changes with exercise in female athletes.

The endocrine equilibrium which regulates reproductive function in women can be affected by physical and psychological factors. Blood levels of hormones depend on a balance between production, metabolism and clearance rates. Intensive physical exercise may affect this balance via different mechanisms, such as stress associated with competition, dieting, reduction of body fat and body weight, production of heat or hypoxia. Women who engage in regular high intensity exercise may be at risk, as a consequence of these hormonal changes, of developing menstrual disturbances such as oligomenorrhoea, delayed menarche and amenorrhoea. Impaired production of gonadotrophins, which leads to luteal phase deficiency and anovulation, is a common hormonal finding with exercise-induced menstrual disturbances, but several other hormones may show significant alterations. In this article we have reviewed the recent literature on the effects of intensive physical exercise on the menstrual cycle, on some important physical parameters such as bone mineral density and bodyweight, and on those hormones (gonadotrophins, prolactin, melatonin, opioid peptides and steroids) which regulate, directly or indirectly, the reproductive function in women.

Evaluation of new product for hydroxyproline determination in HPLC.

For the determination of hydroxyproline, HPLC methods are specific and sensitive, but expensive and time consuming. The aim of this paper was to evaluate a modification to the HPLC method, which employs a precolumn derivatization by DABSYL chloride. The modified method includes a further derivatization by orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), but it simplifies the chromatographic separation, saving time and reagents. Precision, recovery, linearity and accuracy for both methods have been evaluated. The linear regression analysis of the data has given the following correlation: Y = 1.04 X - 1.08 (r = 0.996). Moreover we checked that the preparation of the mobile phase for the modified method may not be strict. In fact, only two identifiable peaks are present: internal standard amino acid (1st peak) and hydroxyproline amino acid (2nd peak).