[The characteristics of morphogenesis of stem cells of hematopoietic organs].

The article presents characteristics of morphogenesis of stem hematopoietic cells at early stages of development. At the same time, analogy is marked concerning morphogenesis of hematopoietic cells in differentiating period of mesenchyme and terminal period of development of bone marrow cells. The role of stem mesenchyme cells in development of hematopoietic cells and elements of their micro-environment is observed.

[The issues and basic principles of training of physicians of clinical laboratory diagnostics].

The article considers the main positions concerning the clinical laboratory diagnostics as an independent clinical specialty and the principles of professional training and improvement of specialists. The basic issues complicating the training and improvement of personnel to be kept in line with actual needs of laboratory service of public health system are discussed. Among them are the availability of laboratory academic sub disciplines demanding a profound special theoretical education and technical skills; the need to account in the process of professional training the variety of forms, sizes and types of laboratory structures in different medical institutions; the need of special training programs for numerous specialists with non-medical basic education. The combination of the present system of postgraduate training of specialists on chairs of state educational organizations with initiative involvement of specialists in various public forms of permanent professional improvement (professional scientific societies meetings, research conferences, internet seminars, etc.) is supported Along with a positive appraisal of the existing system of training in the state educational institutions and corresponding regulation documents, a critique is expressed regarding certain actual documents which improperly limit the administrative functions of physicians of clinical laboratory diagnostics and complicate training of bacteriologists for clinical laboratories.

[Proposals for standardization of clinical laboratory studies: technology "cytological study of lymph node specimens"].

This proposal contains unique requirements for a cytological study of lymph node specimens at the cytological and clinical diagnostic laboratories of health care facilities certified for this kind of work. The paper gives requirements for the performance of technologies, for specialists and auxiliary personnel, specialists' knowledge and skills, medical staff safeguarding. The conditions for rendering a service, necessary equipment, ware, and reagents are described in details. The specific features of a pre-analytical stage, methods for the fixation and staining of smears, the interpretation and recording of findings, and the control of the quality of a performed study, as well as the cost characteristics in conventional units of man-hours. The developed technology may be of great importance to the health care facilities certified for rendering this service.

[Leukemias--diseases of haemopoietic organs stroma (hypothesis)]. / Leikozy--bolezni stromy krovetvornykh organov (gipoteza)

Like bones and other tissues in the organism, hemopoietic tissue is a constantly regenereting system in which stem hemopoietic cells (SHC) are involved in mitosis like stem cells of other tissues, this suggesting a universal mechanism of cell repopulation. Hemopoietic connective tissue is a special structure for autoregeneration and differentiation of stem cells. It forms hemopoiesis as the environment in which cells develop. Cell repopulation is the function of connective tissue and bone marrow. In leukemia involvement of the stroma creates conditions for tumor cell growth. Connective tissue disease at first manifests by imbalanced cell-to-cell interactions and then disorders cell repopulation and leads to appearance of abnormal cell forms. Abnormalities in cell development involve alteration of their biological properties. Fibrosis is a common biological phenomenon. It is one of manifestations of connective tissue functions. Fibrous tissue overgrowth in leukemia is to be regarded from a general biological viewpoint. Normally extension of the function of bone marrow hemopoiesis involves or is parallel with connective tissue growth which does not impair balanced interactions between cellular structures, their regeneration and degradation. Myelofibrosis, a form of fibrosis manifestations, is observed (in different measure) in all leukemias and is their integral component. Hemopoietic connective tissue is an "incubator" of SHC, and therefore, development of fibrosis is determined by the initial connective tissue involvement (disease) of nontumorous origin. In leukemia the same biological regularities, maintaining the organism viability, are in force, but their effect is distorted, because in leukemia the bulk of cells is many times higher than in health or even in disease. Moreover, increase of the bulk of cells occurrs under conditions of deficient bone marrow hemopoiesis, present to this or that measure in leukemia.

[Hemopoiesis in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]. / Gemopoéz pri khronicheskom mielomonotsitarnom leikoze.

Hemopoiesis and functional activity of monocytes were assessed in 30 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Changes in haemogram in CMML are characterized by anemia, thrombocytopenia, normal or increased count of leukocytes with absolute monocytosis and increased count of young granulocytes. Bone marrow hemopoiesis is characterized by enhanced proliferation of cellular elements of granulocytopoiesis and monocytes, suppressed erythropoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis. Dysplastic changes are most expressed in the erythrocytic stem cells. Studies of lysosomal enzymes showed their increased activity in monocytes of CMML patients.