Pedagogical and teaching strategies used to teach writing to pre-licensure students enrolled in health professional programs: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to map the existing literature on pedagogical approaches and teaching strategies used to teach academic and professional writing to pre-licensure students who are enrolled in health professional programs. INTRODUCTION: Health professional programs are intended to develop competence in both academic and professional writing. Effective academic writing skills prompt critical reflection and engagement with research communities, while professional writing skills are used to document interventions and communicate across health systems. Despite the importance of these 2 forms of writing, there are ongoing concerns that practitioners are entering practice without adequate writing skills. Given these concerns and the importance of writing across health disciplines, there is value in identifying the pedagogical strategies and approaches used in health professional programs to develop writing skills and to transfer such skills from one communicative context to another. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider research on the pedagogical approaches and teaching strategies used to teach academic and professional writing in pre-licensure health professional programs. METHODS: This review will be conducted in line with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The search strategy will aim to locate published literature using MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, CINAHL with Full-Text (EBSCOhost), ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health (ProQuest), and ERIC (EBSCOhost), along with gray literature (using databases/search engines). Papers published from 2010 onward in English and in French will be included. Extracted data will be reported in tabular format and presented narratively to address each review objective. DETAILS OF THE REVIEW CAN BE FOUND IN OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK: http://osf.io/9raxp.

Individual variation in life-history timing: synchronous presence, asynchronous events and phenological compensation in a wild mammal.

Many animals and plants have species-typical annual cycles, but individuals vary in their timing of life-history events. Individual variation in fur replacement (moult) timing is poorly understood in mammals due to the challenge of repeated observations and longitudinal sampling. We examined factors that influence variation in moult duration and timing among elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). We quantified the onset and progression of fur loss in 1178 individuals. We found that an exceptionally rapid visible moult (7 days, the shortest of any mammals or birds), and a wide range of moult start dates (spanning 6-10× the event duration) facilitated high asynchrony across individuals (only 20% of individuals in the population moulting at the same time). Some of the variation was due to reproductive state, as reproductively mature females that skipped a breeding season moulted a week earlier than reproductive females. Moreover, individual variation in timing and duration within age-sex categories far outweighed (76-80%) variation among age-sex categories. Individuals arriving at the end of the moult season spent 50% less time on the beach, which allowed them to catch up in their annual cycles and reduce population-level variance during breeding. These findings underscore the importance of individual variation in annual cycles.

Implications for new particle formation in air of the use of monoethanolamine in carbon capture and storage.

Alkanolamines are currently being deployed in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and atmospheric emissions have been found to coincide with locations exhibiting elevated concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA). It is thus critical to understand the fate and potential atmospheric reactions of these chemicals. This study reports the characterization of sub-10 nm nanoparticles produced through the acid-base reaction between gas phase monoethanolamine (MEA) and MSA, a product of organosulfur compound oxidation in air, using a flow reactor under dry and humid (up to ∼60% RH) conditions. Number size distribution measurements show that MEA is even more efficient than methylamine in forming nanoparticles on reaction with MSA. This is attributed to the fact that the MEA structure contains both an -NH2 and an -OH group that facilitate hydrogen bonding within the clusters, in addition to the electrostatic interactions. Due to this already strong H-bond network, water has a relatively small influence on new particle formation (NPF) and growth in this system, in contrast to MSA reactions with alkylamines. Acid/base molar ratios of unity for 4-12 nm particles were measured using thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The data indicate that reaction of MEA with MSA may dominate NPF under some atmospheric conditions. Thus, the unique characteristics of alkanolamines in NPF must be taken into account for accurate predictions of impacts of CCS on visibility, health and climate.

Quantifying dispersal between two colonies of northern elephant seals across 17 birth cohorts.

Dispersal drives extinction-recolonization dynamics of metapopulations and is necessary for endangered species to recolonize former ranges. Yet few studies quantify dispersal and even fewer examine consistency of dispersal over many years. The northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) provides an example of the importance of dispersal. It quickly recolonized its full range after near extirpation by 19th century hunting, and though dispersal was observed it was not quantified. Here we enumerate lifetime dispersal events among females marked as pups at two colonies during 1994-2010, then correct for detection biases to estimate bidirectional dispersal rates. An average of 16% of females born at the Piedras Blancas colony dispersed northward 200 km to breed at Año Nuevo, while 8.0% of those born at Año Nuevo dispersed southward to Piedras Blancas. The northward rate fluctuated considerably but was higher than southward in 15 of 17 cohorts. The population at Piedras Blancas expanded 15-fold during the study, while Año Nuevo's declined slightly, but the expectation that seals would emigrate away from high density colonies was not supported. During the 1990s, dispersal was higher away from the small colony toward the large. Moreover, cohorts born later at Piedras Blancas, when the colony had grown, dispersed no more than early cohorts. Consistently high natal dispersal in northern elephant seals means the population must be considered a single large unit in terms of response to environmental change. High dispersal was fortuitous to the past recovery of the species, and continued dispersal means elephant seals will likely expand their range further.

Nursing students' experiences of a post-licensure practical nurse bridging program: a qualitative systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize qualitative evidence on students' experiences of a post-licensure practical nurse to registered nurse bridging program. INTRODUCTION: A worldwide shortage of registered nurses has prompted governments and educational institutions to develop alternate pathways to nursing licensure. One strategy used to increase the supply of registered nurses is bridging programs. Such programs grant practical nurses academic credit for previous educational and practical experience, which allows them to complete a bachelor of nursing degree in a shorter length of time. Understanding the experience of students enrolled in bridging programs will help identify their specific needs and the educational support needed for them to successfully transition into the registered nurse role. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review considered qualitative studies that examined the experiences of practical nurses enrolled in bridging programs. METHODS: The literature search was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, and ERIC. The search for unpublished articles included ProQuest Dissertations & Theses and GreyNet International. Studies published in English were included with no date limits applied to the searches. Papers were screened independently by 2 reviewers against the inclusion criteria. Papers that met the criteria were appraised using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. Key findings were extracted from the included studies using a standardized tool and assigned a level of credibility. The review followed principles of meta-aggregation in line with the JBI approach. The final synthesized findings were graded according to the ConQual approach for establishing confidence in the output of qualitative research synthesis. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies, published between 1989 and 2020, were included in the review. A total of 83 findings were extracted and aggregated into 11 categories. From the 11 categories, 4 synthesized findings were developed and are summarized as: i) growth through professional advancement reflects that bridging students report personal growth and professional transformation when they return to school and study to become a registered nurse; ii) need for support indicates that bridging students recognize and appreciate a need to have positive support networks in their lives, mainly with their family, coworkers, and classmates; iii) expecting more reflects that, as adult learners with prior nursing experience, bridging students anticipate receiving more support from the educational institutions and higher levels of clinical expertise and competence amongst faculty than what is provided; and iv) finding balance indicates that bridging students struggle to balance and manage multiple roles and responsibilities in their lives as they return to school to study to become a registered nurse. CONCLUSION: The findings of this review highlight that, as adult learners with prior nursing experience, when post-licensure practical nurses return to study there is often a need to balance multiple roles and responsibilities. It is with the support of family, coworkers, classmates, and faculty that bridging students are able to manage competing personal and academic demands. While many bridging students express disappointment with some of the learning opportunities and/or faculty expertise associated with the nursing program, they ultimately achieve growth through both personal and professional advancement upon completing the program and becoming a registered nurse. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42021278408. SUPPLEMENTAL DIGITAL CONTENT: A French-language version of the abstract of this review is available as Supplemental Digital Content [ http://links.lww.com/SRX/A10 ].

Post-ovulatory aging is associated with altered patterns for small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins and SUMO-specific proteases.

Mammalian oocytes are ovulated arrested at metaphase of the second meiotic division. If they are not fertilized within a short period, the oocyte undergoes several progressive morphological, structural, and molecular changes during a process called oocyte aging. Herein, we focused on those functional events associated with proper cytoskeleton organization and those that correlate with spindle displacement and chromosome misalignment or scatter. Post-translational modifications by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) proteins are involved in spindle organization and here we demonstrate that the SUMO pathway is involved in spindle morphology changes and chromosome movements during oocyte aging. SUMO-2/3 as well as the SUMO-specific proteases SENP-2 localization are affected by postovulatory aging in vitro. Consistent with these findings, UBC9 decreases during oocyte aging while differential ubiquitination patterns also correlate with in vitro oocyte aging. These results are consistent with postovulatory aging-related alterations in the posttranslational modifications of the spindle apparatus by SUMO and its SENP proteases. These findings are suggestive that such age-related changes in SUMOylation and the deSUMOylation of key target proteins in the spindle apparatus and kinetochore may be involved with spindle and chromosome alignment defects during mammalian oocyte postovulatory aging. Such findings may have implications for ART-related human oocyte aging in vitro regarding the activities of the SUMO pathway and fertilization success.

Education and training for infection prevention and control provided by long-term care homes to family caregivers: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to map the infection prevention and control education and training that long-term care homes use with families during a pandemic or infectious outbreak. INTRODUCTION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions were imposed on visits to long-term care homes to decrease the risk of virus transmission. These restrictions had negative consequences for both residents and families. A scoping review of infection prevention and control education and training used with families will inform family visitation practices and policies during future infectious outbreaks. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will examine literature describing infection prevention and control education and training provided to families in long-term care homes. Research and narrative papers, including experimental; quasi-experimental; descriptive observational quantitative and qualitative studies; and reviews, text, policy, and opinion papers, will be considered for inclusion. METHODS: A 3-step approach will be followed, in line with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Published literature will be searched for in databases, including CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, and AgeLine. Published and unpublished papers will be considered from 1990 to the present, in English or French. The World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control, and the Public Health Agency of Canada websites will be searched for unpublished and gray literature. Two authors will independently review and assess studies for inclusion and extract the data. The findings will be charted in a narrative summary and tables.

Iatrogenesis in the Context of Residential Dementia Care: A Concept Analysis.

Background and Objectives: This concept analysis aims to explore iatrogenesis within the context of residential dementia care and to distinguish this phenomenon from similar phenomena, such as abuse and inadvertent harm. Research Design and Methods: Walker and Avant's method for concept analysis was used to define critical attributes of iatrogenesis within residential dementia care, and to explore antecedents and consequences of its occurrence. A review of the literature about iatrogenesis in the context of residential dementia was conducted across 4 electronic databases. Texts about iatrogenesis in surgery, medicine, social work, psychology, and other relevant disciplines were also reviewed to provide additional context for the concept. Results: Iatrogenesis takes a unique form in residential dementia care. The final definition of the concept proposed in this article is habituated, forceful, hands-on care provided to residents who exhibit responsive behaviors that result in emotional, physical, spiritual, social harm, and/or gradual functional decline, that is provided with the intention of supporting the resident's safety and dignity. Discussion and Implications: The definition of iatrogenesis proposed in this article is an initial step toward developing evidence-based practice for the provision of nonconsensual assistance in residential dementia care. A theoretical definition like the one proposed in this article may serve as a starting point for the operationalization of the concept, which would promote future empirical research into staff and residents' experiences of health care-inflicted harms in this context. Theoretically, it contributes to critical conversations about the narratives, myths, and misperceptions that facilitate the provision of nonconsensual care.

Nursing students' experiences of a post-licensure practical nurse bridging program: a qualitative systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review will synthesize the qualitative literature on students' experiences of a post-licensure practical nurse to registered nurse bridging program. INTRODUCTION: The worldwide shortage of registered nurses has prompted governments and educational institutions to develop alternative pathways to nursing licensure. One strategy used to increase the supply of registered nurses is bridging programs. These grant practical nurses academic credit for previous educational and practical experience, which allows them to complete a Bachelor of Nursing degree in a shorter period of time. However, attrition in bridging programs is a concern. Understanding the experiences of students enrolled in bridging programs will help identify their specific needs and the educational support needed for them to successfully transition into the registered nursing role. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will include published and unpublished studies that examine the experiences of practical nurses enrolled in bridging programs. Studies published in English will be considered, with no date limitations. METHODS: Databases to be searched include CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, and ERIC. Gray literature will be searched for in ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and GreyNet International. Reference lists of included studies will also be reviewed to identify additional studies. The critical appraisal of selected studies and the extraction of data will be independently undertaken by two reviewers using JBI methodology. The findings will be pooled using meta-aggregation to produce comprehensive synthesized findings. A ConQual Summary of Findings will also be presented. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42021278408.

Estimating population size when individuals are asynchronous: A model illustrated with northern elephant seal breeding colonies.

Our aim was to develop a method for estimating the number of animals using a single site in an asynchronous species, meaning that not all animals are present at once so that no one count captures the entire population. This is a common problem in seasonal breeders, and in northern elephant seals, we have a model for quantifying asynchrony at the Año Nuevo colony. Here we test the model at several additional colonies having many years of observations and demonstrate how it can account for animals not present on any one day. This leads to correction factors that yield total population from any single count throughout a season. At seven colonies in California for which we had many years of counts of northern elephant seals, we found that female arrival date varied < 2 days between years within sites and by < 5 days between sites. As a result, the correction factor for any one day was consistent, and at each colony, multiplying a female count between 26 and 30 Jan by 1.15 yielded an estimate of total population size that minimized error. This provides a method for estimating the female population size at colonies not yet studied. Our method can produce population estimates with minimal expenditure of time and resources and will be applicable to many seasonal species with asynchronous breeding phenology, particularly colonial birds and other pinnipeds. In elephant seals, it will facilitate monitoring the population over its entire range.

The Functional Resonance Analysis Method as a health care research methodology: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review was to examine and map the literature on the use of the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) in health care research. INTRODUCTION: The FRAM is a resilient health care tool tat offers an approach to deconstruct complex systems by mapping health care processes to identify essential activities, how they are interrelated, and the variability that emerges, which can strengthen or compromise outcomes. Insight into how the FRAM has been operationalized in health care can help researchers and policy-makers understand how this method can be used to strengthen health care systems. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This scoping review included research and narrative reports on the application of the FRAM in any health care setting. The focus was to identify the key concepts and definitions used to describe the FRAM; the research questions, aims, and objectives used to study the FRAM; the methods used to operationalize the FRAM; the health care processes examined; and the key findings. METHODS: A three-step search strategy was used to find published and unpublished research and narrative reports conducted in any country. Only papers published in English were considered. No limits were placed on the year of publication. CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Inspec Engineering Village, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health were searched originally in June 2020 and again in March 2021. A search of the gray literature was also completed in March 2021. Data were extracted from papers by two independent reviewers using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. Search results are summarized in a flow diagram, and the extracted data are presented in tabular format. RESULTS: Thirty-one papers were included in the final review, and most (n = 25; 80.6%) provided a description or definition of the FRAM. Only two (n = 2; 6.5%) identified a specific research question. The remaining papers each identified an overall aim or objective in applying the FRAM, the most common being to understand a health care process (n = 20; 64.5%). Eleven different methods of data collection were identified, with interviews being the most common (n = 21; 67.7%). Ten different health care processes were explored, with safety and risk identification (n = 8; 25.8%) being the most examined process. Key findings identified the FRAM as a mapping tool that can identify essential activities or functions of a process (n = 20; 64.5%), how functions are interdependent or coupled (n = 18; 58.1%), the variability that can emerge within a process (n = 20; 64.5%), discrepancies between work as done and work as imagined (n = 20; 64.5%), the resiliency that exists within a process (n = 12; 38.7%), and the points of risk within a process (n = 10, 32.3%). Most papers (n = 27; 87.1%) developed models representing the complexity of a process. CONCLUSIONS: The FRAM aims to use a systems approach to examine complex processes and, as evidenced by this review, is suited for use within the health care domain. Interest in the FRAM is growing, with most of the included literature being published since 2017 (n = 24; 77.4%). The FRAM has the potential to provide comprehensive insight into how health care work is done and how that work can become more efficient, safer, and better supported.

Experiences of faculty and staff nurses working with nursing students during clinical placement in residential aged care facilities: a systematic review of qualitative evidence.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review was to synthesize evidence on the experiences of faculty and staff nurses working with nursing students in clinical placement in residential aged care facilities. INTRODUCTION: Nursing education helps prepare students to provide quality care to older adults. Nursing programs across the globe are championing the integration of content on the care of older adults into their curricula as well as recognizing the value of clinical placements that focus exclusively on this population. Staff nurses who work in residential aged care facilities often work alongside students. In this role, they can support faculty and mentor students. This review explored faculty and staff experiences of nursing student placements in such facilities. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review considered qualitative studies that address the experiences of faculty and staff nurses working with nursing students in residential aged care facilities. Studies published in English from 1995 onward were included. METHODS: The literature search was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, and ERIC. The search for unpublished articles included Proquest Dissertations and Theses and Google searches of the Canadian Nurses Association and American Nurses Association websites. Papers were screened by two reviewers independently against the inclusion criteria. Those meeting the criteria were appraised using the JBI critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. Key findings from included studies were extracted using a standardized tool and classified as unequivocal, credible, or not supported. This review followed the principles of meta-aggregration in line with the JBI approach. RESULTS: Six studies, published between 2001 and 2017, were included in the review. A total of 32 findings were extracted and aggregated into nine categories. From the nine categories, four synthesized findings were developed: i) students enhance the environment, whereby faculty and staff perceive that student presence enhances the residential aged care work and living environment, ii) effort is required by faculty and staff to make the experience work, reflecting a need for faculty and staff to accept and work with negativities, iii) residential aged care facilities provide rich learning experiences, indicating an appreciation for available learning opportunities, and iv) importance of a residential aged care-academic partnership for a collaborative approach in creating positive experiences for faculty and staff working with students in this setting. CONCLUSION: Faculty and staff experiences highlight that residential aged care has the potential to provide students with valuable learning experiences, including how to provide comprehensive and quality nursing care to older adults. A lack of resources in residential aged care inspires faculty and staff to be creative in how they work with students. However, working with students can be challenging for faculty who lack interest and expertise in caring for older adults in this setting. Additionally, staff can become frustrated when they perceive that students do not value the learning opportunities that are available or do not appreciate the expertise required to work with older adults. Partnerships between residential aged care facilities and academic programs can ensure that faculty and staff have the support and resources required to optimize the clinical placements for students. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42020168698.

Coping experiences of young adults diagnosed with a chronic illness: a qualitative systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to gain insight about the experience of emerging adults who are coping with a chronic illness diagnosis. INTRODUCTION: Receiving a chronic illness diagnosis is filled with challenges and changes to a person's life. Coping is not an easy or linear process, and is particularly complex for emerging adults. The emerging adult stage is important to consider, as this is a stage characterized by identity exploration, transition to adulthood, and future planning. A chronic illness diagnosis interrupts these processes and affects the coping process in emerging adults. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The population included will be persons between 18 and 25 years of age living in the community. Sources will focus on the experience of being diagnosed with a chronic illness, including its impacts on the individual's life. METHODS: This qualitative review will be conducted following JBI qualitative review methodology. An initial search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles on the topic. Databases to be searched include CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Nursing and Allied Health Database. A gray literature search will also be conducted. There will be no date or language limits on the search. The titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers, followed by an assessment of the full-text articles. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion or in consultation with a third reviewer. Critical appraisal of included articles and data extraction will be conducted independently by two reviewers. Meta-aggregation of the articles will be completed and textually pooled in tabular format. Where that is not possible, results will be presented in a narrative format. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42021224772.

A seasonal hybrid model for the evolution of flowering onset.

In strongly seasonal environments, many plants tend to divide the favorable season into an earlier part, where they allocate resources to vegetative growth, and a later part, where they allocate resources to reproduction. The onset of flowering typically indicates the shift from one to the other. We derive and analyze a model for the evolution of flowering onset on the phenotypic level. Our model tracks a continuous phenotype distribution through the various seasons from year to year. We analyze a special case of a monomorphic population with the tools of adaptive dynamics. We analyze the general case by a moment approximation. We find that (the mean of) flowering onset converges to some intermediate time within the favorable season. In the monomorphic case, we prove that this is an ESS. The moment approach reveals that there are different time scales involved on which the plant density, the mean flowering onset, and its variance converge.

Nurses' provisions for self-determination when caring for clients with cognitive impairment who live in a residential aged care facility: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this scoping review is to examine and map knowledge of nursing provisions for self-determination while providing care to clients with cognitive impairment in residential aged care facilities. INTRODUCTION: Maintaining the ability to have choices and to make decisions about daily activities is important for older adults. In residential aged care facilities, nurses' can be challenged to preserve clients' self-determination in favor of ritualistic care routines and a perceived duty to care. Moreover, nurses may perceive that their professional responsibilities to protect clients requires them to guard against decisions that are considered unwise or pose a risk to clients' health or safety. Insight into how nurses negotiate choice with clients with cognitive impairment who are living in a residential care facility will provide an in-depth understanding of the role self-determination plays in clients' lives. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The scoping review will consider research and narrative reports on nursing provisions for self-determination in clients with cognitive impairment who are living in a residential aged care facility. The concepts of interest are self-determination and nursing provisions. Self-determination is defined as client choice and nursing provisions are the intentional reactions to clients' expressed choices. METHODS: This scoping review will aim to locate published and unpublished literature employing a three-step search strategy. Only papers published in English from 1995 onward will be included. Data extracted from included papers will outline details on the participants, context, strategy, activity, and outcomes. Extracted data will be reported in a tabular form and presented narratively to address the review objective.

Correspondence Between Genomic- and Genealogical/Coalescent-Based Inference of Homozygosity by Descent in Large French-Canadian Genealogies.

Research on the genetics of complex traits overwhelmingly focuses on the additive effects of genes. Yet, animal studies have shown that non-additive effects, in particular homozygosity effects, can shape complex traits. Recent investigations in human studies found some significant homozygosity effects. However, most human populations display restricted ranges of homozygosity by descent (HBD), making the identification of homozygosity effects challenging. Founder populations give rise to higher HBD levels. When deep genealogical data are available in a founder population, it is possible to gain information on the time to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom a chromosomal segment has been transmitted to both parents of an individual and in turn to that individual. This information on the time to MRCA can be combined with the time to MRCA inferred from coalescent models of gene genealogies. HBD can also be estimated from genomic data. The extent to which the genomic HBD measures correspond to the genealogical/coalescent measures has not been documented in founder populations with extensive genealogical data. In this study, we used simulations to relate genomic and genealogical/coalescent HBD measures. We based our simulations on genealogical data from two ongoing studies from the French-Canadian founder population displaying different levels of inbreeding. We simulated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a 1-Mb genomic segment from a coalescent model in conjunction with the observed genealogical data. We compared genealogical/coalescent HBD to two genomic methods of HBD estimation based on hidden Markov models (HMMs). We found that genomic estimates of HBD correlated well with genealogical/coalescent HBD measures in both study genealogies. We described generation time to coalescence in terms of genomic HBD estimates and found a large variability in generation time captured by genomic HBD when considering each SNP. However, SNPs in longer segments were more likely to capture recent time to coalescence, as expected. Our study suggests that estimating the coalescent gene genealogy from the genomic data to use in conjunction with observed genealogical data could provide valuable information on HBD.

Nurses' provisions for self-determination in residents with cognitive impairment who live in a residential aged care facility: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature about nursing provisions for self-determination in residents with cognitive impairments living in residential aged care facilities. INTRODUCTION: Freedom to decide for oneself and express preferences about daily care is important for all older adults. When older adults transition to residential aged care facilities, they may experience barriers to self-determination due to routine care practices and staff attitudes about autonomy. This is particularly true for residents living with cognitive impairments. Residents with cognitive impairments are often prevented from making choices that nursing staff perceive to be unwise or harmful, as nurses uphold their professional duties to protect and care. This can result in the denial of preferences and the right to self-determination. Mapping the ways nurses balance their duty to protect with residents' rights to self-determine provides insight into nurses' roles and residents' experiences of care. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Research and narrative articles about nursing provisions for self-determination in residents with cognitive impairments living in residential aged care facilities were included in this review. The main concepts explored were nurses' provisions and residents' self-determination. Self-determination included residents' preferences and expressions of choice, while nurses' intentional reactions to residents' preferences were considered nurses' provisions. METHODS: The review included qualitative and quantitative studies as well as text and opinion papers. Only studies and papers published in English from 1992 onwards were included. The databases searched were CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), and ERIC (EBSCO). The search for unpublished papers included ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Database, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and Google (with advanced search strategies). The reference lists of included articles were searched for additional studies not captured by the search strategy. Data were extracted using a standardized tool created by the authors and included details on study design, strategies to promote, and conditions that deny residents' self-determination. Charting tables were developed to record and analyze data related to the review questions. RESULTS: The final set of 17 articles were published from 1995 to 2018. The literature was analyzed in relation to the review's four questions to map the boundaries of the nurse's role in providing for residents' self-determination. Nurses' roles as investigators, advocates, protectors, and assessors emerged as critical to providing for self-determination. CONCLUSIONS: Literature about this topic has tended to describe nursing provisions for self-determination in people with cognitive impairments in terms of an ethical dilemma between the resident's right to act autonomously and their right to protection as a vulnerable population. In mapping the literature, this scoping review demonstrates a more complex process at work in providing for self-determination in the context of cognitive impairment and highlights a need for deeper reflexivity around nurses' understandings of personhood and autonomy. Further research should focus on determining if nurses' perceptions of residents' experience with self-determination are accurate. The complexity of self-determination in the context of cognitive impairment and nurses' advocacy role highlights the need for ongoing support and education for staff working in residential aged care facilities.

The functional resonance analysis method as a health care research methodology: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to examine and map the literature on the use of the functional resonance analysis method in health care research. INTRODUCTION: Health care systems are highly complex and involve interrelated functions, organizations, individuals, and technologies. Understanding how these elements interact and impact health care processes is difficult because of inherent contextual and human variables. The functional resonance analysis method offers an approach to deconstruct complex systems and examine relationships between individual processes and elements. By using the functional resonance analysis method, researchers can map health care processes and uncover performance variables that can emerge and strengthen, or compromise, intended outcomes. Insight into how the functional resonance analysis method has been operationalized in health care research will help researchers and policy makers understand how the method can be used to strengthen health care systems. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The scoping review will consider research and narrative reports on the application of the functional resonance analysis method in health care research. The concepts of interest are the research questions/aims/objectives, methods used to operationalize the functional resonance analysis method, key concepts and definitions of the functional resonance analysis method, and key findings. Studies that used the functional resonance analysis method in any health care setting will be considered. METHODS: The scoping review will aim to locate published and unpublished literature by employing a three-step search strategy. Only papers published in English will be considered and no limits will be placed on the year of publication. Data extracted will include key concepts and definitions of the functional resonance analysis method, research questions/aims/objectives, methods used to operationalize the functional resonance analysis method, and key findings. Extracted data will be reported in tabular form and presented narratively to express the review question.