Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: a rapid molecular technique for early diagnosis of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae of stone fruits.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic bacteria cause significant economic damages in agriculture. The detection of such bacteria is considered as a continual interest for plant pathologists to prevent disease dissemination. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is one of the most important bacterial pathogens infecting yield and quality of stone fruits throughout the world. Biochemical assays such as a LOPAT and GATTa are common methods to detect this pathogen. Serological tests and culturing on King's B selective medium also used to isolate this bacterium. Selective media is composed of specific and effective ingredients to inhibit the growth of certain species of microbes in a mixed culture while allowing others to grow. These are used for the growth of only selected microorganisms. King's B medium can be used as a general medium for the non-selective isolation cultivation and pigment production of Pseudomonas species from foods, cosmetic samples, plants, etc. Nevertheless, the mentioned methods are not enough accurate to differentiate the strains. On the other hand, PCR-based techniques are sensitive and efficient in detecting plant diseases. However, these techniques are not practicable for those researchers who do not have access to a thermal cycler. We have used loop-mediated isothermal amplification to couple with a target. The amplification of syrD gene using loop and bumper primers can be used to prevent disease dissemination. RESULTS: The outcome of this investigation indicated more sensitivity of LAMP in comparison to PCR. The direct addition of SYBR Gold in microtube is more sensitive than gel in both LAMP and PCR byproducts so we can eliminate gel electrophoresis, while the LAMP showed high sensitivity and high specificity in comparison to results obtained by cultivation. The described molecular test could detect Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae type in nearly 1 h, and this is the first time that Lamp molecular detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae particularly on stone fruits is described and introduced. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained data confirmed that LAMP is a fast, cheap, and high specific method for the rapid detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae to the comparison of PCR and culture.

The fallopian canal: a comprehensive review and proposal of a new classification.

INTRODUCTION: The facial nerve follows a complex course through the skull base. Understanding its anatomy is crucial during standard skull base approaches and resection of certain skull base tumors closely related to the nerve, especially, tumors at the cerebellopontine angle. METHODS: Herein, we review the fallopian canal and its implications in surgical approaches to the skull base. Furthermore, we suggest a new classification. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the anatomy and literature, we propose that the meatal segment of the facial nerve be included as a component of the fallopian canal. A comprehensive knowledge of the course of the facial nerve is important to those who treat patients with pathology of or near this cranial nerve.

The ventricular system of the brain: a comprehensive review of its history, anatomy, histology, embryology, and surgical considerations.

INTRODUCTION: The cerebral ventricles have been recognized since ancient medical history. Their true function started to be realized more than a thousand years later. Their anatomy and function are extremely important in the neurosurgical panorama. METHODS: The literature was searched for articles and textbooks of different topics related to the history, anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology and surgical considerations of the brain ventricles. CONCLUSION: Herein, we summarize the literature about the cerebral ventricular system.

Gabriele Fallopio (1523-1562) and his contributions to the development of medicine and anatomy.

INTRODUCTION: Gabriele Fallopio was one of the greatest anatomists of the sixteenth century. He discovered and named numerous parts of the human body. His name survives to this day as it is associated with several anatomical structures including the Fallopian canal, Fallopian hiatus, Fallopian valve, Fallopian muscle, and the Fallopian tube. CONCLUSIONS: Our current knowledge of human anatomy is based on giants such as Fallopio. His contributions to neuroanatomy laid the foundations for the development of this discipline.