Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a PERSIAN cohort-based study.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the main causes of death worldwide. Data on the effect of eggs consumption on the risk of CVDs are still unreliable. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between CVDs and the consumption of eggs. METHODS: In this case-control study, the required data were extracted from the Prospective Epidemiologic Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN) cohort in Sabzevar, Iran. A total of 4241 adults participated including 1535 patients with CVDs as the case group and 2706 healthy people as controls. Egg consumption was assessed using a valid food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: A significant association was observed between eggs consumption and stroke after adjustment for physical activity, body mass index (BMI), smoking, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), using alcohol, lipid profile, diabetes, and the intake of energy, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and cholestrol (OR:1.007, 95% CI:1.001-1.013, P = 0.03). No association was found between egg consumption with hypertension, cardiac ischemia, and myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association between the consumption of eggs and stroke. However, more studies are needed to examine the effect of eggs on CVDs.

Association between type 2 diabetes and branched chain amino acids (BCAA); a case-control study.

Background: Several amino acids and their derivatives have been implicated in insulin resistance (IR) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This research sought to establish a relationship between the dietary levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and the risk of T2DM. Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 4200 participants consisting of 589 people with T2DM and 3611 non-diabetic aged 35 to 70 years residents in Sabzevar, Iran. Data on the economic-social, employment status, medical history, lifestyle, and sleep habits were collected via interview. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to check the nutritional status. Participants' dietary BCAA consumption was estimated using Nutritionist IV software. Results: A significant negative association between the incidence of T2DM and the dietary levels of BCAAs after adjustment for age and sex (OR = 0.972, CI 95%:0.648-0.996, P = 0.022). The negative association remained significant after additional adjustments for body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (OR = 0.967, CI 95%: 0.943-0.992, P = 0.010). Interestingly, a positive association was found between T2DM and total BCAAs (OR = 1.067, CI 95%: 1.017-1.119, P = 0.008), Isoleucine (OR = 1.248, CI 95%: 1.043-1.494, P = 0.016), Leucine (OR = 1.165, CI 95%: 1.046-1.299, P = 0.006) and Valine (OR = 1.274, CI 95%: 1.088-1.492, P = 0.003) after further adjustment for calorie intake. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) including isoleucine, leucine, and valine are negatively associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) after adjusting for age and sex, BMI, and physical activity. However, adjusting for calorie intake reversed the association between T2DM and BCAAs. These findings suggest that the association between BCAAs and T2DM may be influenced by calorie intake. Future longitudinal studies are warranted. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01247-9.

The effects of FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism on the association between breast cancer and dietary intake.

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females worldwide and is related to genetic and environmental factors. Dietary components may strongly influence the risk of BC. A possible association was also reported between the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and BC. This study aimed to investigate the impact of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on the association between BC and dietary intake. This study was conducted on 180 women with BC as the case group and 360 healthy women as the control group. The dietary intakes were assessed by a valid 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The FTO gene was genotyped for rs9939609 polymorphism. After adjusting the confounding variables, there was no significant association between dietary intake and BC in individuals without risk allele. A positive association between dietary intake of omega-6 fatty acids and BC was found only in individuals with risk allele of FTO gene (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08-1.60, p: 0.006). FTO gene risk allele may influence the effect of diet on breast cancer risk. Further studies are needed to assess the possible effects of the FTO genotype on the association between BC risk and dietary components.

FTO genotype was associated with breast cancer in HER2 negative patients.

BACKGROUND: The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene may influence the risk of breast cancer (BC). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FTO gene may exert different impacts on different types of BC. In this study, we investigated the association between FTO SNP rs9939609 and the status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), P53, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) in BC patients. METHODS: Our case-control study was included 540 Iranian participants aged 35 to 70 (180 women with BC as the case group and 360 healthy controls). After genotyping for risk allele rs9939609 of the FTO gene, a logistic regression was applied to elucidate the association between FTO SNP rs9939609 and BC risk based on the receptor status. RESULTS: The number of HER-2 negative patients was significantly higher in FTO rs9939609 risk allele carrier group (61.5% vs. 41.4%, P < 0.05). A significant association was found between BC and rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism only in HER2 negative BC patients (OR = 1.79, CI95%: 1.2-3.56, P = 0.03). No association was identified between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and the status of ER, PR, and P53. CONCLUSION: We indicated that FTO SNP rs9939609 can be a potential therapeutic target particularly in HER-2 negative BC cases. The importance of this risk allele in BC pathogenesis needs to be further highlighted.

Association of calorie and carbohydrate intake with tumour grade in early diagnosis of breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the association of calorie and carbohydrate intake with tumour grade in early detection of breast cancer (BC) in Iranian women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control study carried out on 62 women with high grade BC and 93 women with low grade BC. Information about confounding variables was collected through a questionnaire. Dietary intake of calorie and macronutrients was assessed by a valid 122-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Individuals with high grade BC had significantly lower calorie (0.16, 0.04-0.61) and higher carbohydrate intake (4.02; 1.28-12.63) compared with those with low grade BC after controlling for age. This correlation remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that lower intakes of calorie and higher carbohydrate are directly related to the high grade of tumour at the early detection of people with BC after modifying a wide range of confounding factors.

Does the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism affect fat percentage? A meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association of the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and body fat percentage (BF%). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and BF%. We searched PubMed, Web of science, Scopus and Embase to identify studies investigating the relations between the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and BF%. Studies that meet inclusion criteria were collected for the final analysis. There was significant differences in the level of BF% between different genotypes of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism, and the carriers of the A allele of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism had higher BF%. The association was significant between carriers of TT genotype compared to carriers of AA (p = .007) and AT genotypes (p = .04), but not between AT and AA genotypes. This study identified that the carriers of the A allele of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism have higher BF%.

The association between fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype and serum vitamin D level in breast cancer patients.

The preventive effect of vitamin D against breast cancer can be influenced by gene polymorphisms. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D and FTO genotype in breast cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 180 newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer in Tehran, Iran. The blood samples were collected from the participants in order to assess the FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism by the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (Tetra-ARMS) PCR method. The serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D was measured using the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The association between vitamin D and the FTO genotype in patients with breast cancer was assessed after adjustment for cofounders. The frequency of TT, AT and AA genotypes in the breast cancer patients were 43% (n = 77), 49% (n = 89) and 8% (n = 14), respectively. All patients with higher than 40 ng/dl of serum 25(OH) vitamin D had one or two copies of FTO rs9939609 risk allele (p = 0.019). No linear association was found between the number of FTO risk allele and the level of serum vitamin D. All patients with high serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D had one or two copies of FTO rs9939609 risk allele. FTO gene polymorphisms may counteract the beneficial effects of vitamin D in breast cancer prevention. Further studies can help to better understand the genetic factors predisposing to breast cancer and their effect on the association between vitamin D and breast cancer.

Association of serum 25-OH-vitamin D level with FTO and IRX3 genes expression in obese and overweight boys with different FTO rs9930506 genotypes.

BACKGROUND: The roles of FTO gene and the level of serum 25-OH-vitamin D in obesity are frequently reported. This study aimed to investigate the interactions of serum 25-OH-vitamin D level, FTO and IRX3 genes expression, and FTO genotype in obese and overweight boys. METHODS: This study was carried out on the 120 male adolescents with overweight in Tehran, Iran. Blood samples were collected from the participants in order to evaluate the serum level of 25-OH-vitamin D, the expression level of FTO and IRX3 genes, and FTO genotype for rs9930506 at baseline and after 18 weeks of the study. RESULTS: In general, no significant association was found between serum 25-OH-vitamin D level and IRX3 and FTO genes expression. The results of linear regression on the relationship between 25-OH-vitamin D serum level and FTO and IRX3 genes expression based on FTO genotypes for rs9930506 indicated that in AA/AG genotype carriers, serum 25-OH-vitamin D level was positively associated with FTO gene expression (B = 0.07, p = 0.02) and inversely associated with IRX3 gene expression (B = - 0.07, p = 0.03). In GG carriers, serum 25-OH-vitamin D level was not associated with expression of IRX3 and FTO genes. CONCLUSION: There are significant interactions between 25-OH-vitamin D and the expression of FTO and IRX3 genes in the subset of obese patients with specific genotypes for FTO rs9930506. There was no association between serum 25-OH-vitamin D levels and the expression of FTO and IRX genes in individuals with a homozygous genotype for the risk allele of the FTO gene polymorphism.

The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical and biochemical parameters of critically ill patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFAs) may exert beneficial effects on the immune system of patients with viral infections. This paper aimed to examine the effect of n3-PUFA supplementation on inflammatory and biochemical markers in critically ill patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 128 critically ill patients infected with COVID-19 who were randomly assigned to the intervention (fortified formula with n3-PUFA) (n = 42) and control (n = 86) groups. Data on 1 month survival rate, blood glucose, sodium (Na), potassium (K), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), albumin, hematocrit (HCT), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), mean arterial pressure (MAP), O2 saturation (O2sat), arterial pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), base excess (Be), white blood cells (WBCs), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), hemoglobin (Hb), platelet (Plt), and the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were collected at baseline and after 14 days of the intervention. RESULTS: The intervention group had significantly higher 1-month survival rate and higher levels of arterial pH, HCO3, and Be and lower levels of BUN, Cr, and K compared with the control group after intervention (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between blood glucose, Na, HCT, Ca, P, MAP, O2sat, PO2, PCO2, WBCs, GCS, Hb, Plt, PTT, and albumin between two groups. CONCLUSION: Omega-3 supplementation improved the levels of several parameters of respiratory and renal function in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Further clinical studies are warranted. Trial registry Name of the registry: This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT); Trial registration number: IRCT20151226025699N3; Date of registration: 2020.5.20; URL of trial registry record: https://en.irct.ir/trial/48213.

Interactions of anthropometric indices, rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and breast cancer: A case-control study.

Contradictory results were reported on the effect of fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene and anthropometric measurements on breast cancer (BC). This study aimed to assess the interactions between rs9939609 polymorphism of FTO gene, anthropometric indices and BC risk in Iranian women. This case-control study was performed on 540 women including 180 women with BC and 360 healthy women in Tehran, Iran. Physical activity and dietary intakes were assessed by validated questionnaires. Data on sociodemographic and pathologic factors of the participants as well as their blood samples were collected. The rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism was genotyped using the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR). No significant association was found between BC and risk allele of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism after adjustments for the confounders. However, there was a significant association between rs9939609 polymorphism risk allele and BC risk in females with overweight, even after adjusting for age, family history of BC, abortion, BMI and the number of pregnancies (P < .05). The association was disappeared after further adjustments for lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, calorie and macronutrients intake, and physical activity. The FTO gene polymorphism was associated with the risk of BC in overweight individuals. This association was influenced by environmental factors including diet, alcohol consumption and smoking. Future studies are required to confirm the association between the FTO gene and BC in overweight females and to identify the underlying mechanisms.