Hipotiroidismo y su asociación con otras patologías: una revisión narrativa / Hypothyroidism and its association with other pathologies: a narrative review

Introducción: El hipotiroidismo es la insuficiente producción de hormona tiroidea, para satisfacer las necesidades corporales. Este puede ser primario (con pérdida de la función de la glándula tiroidea) o secundario (por falta de estimulación de la glándula). Dada la alta prevalencia del hipotiroidismo, y frecuentes asociaciones con otras enfermedades, se realizó una revisión que puntualiza aspectos de interés clínico en esta patología, que pueden resultar útiles en la práctica médica. Metodología: Se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE Complete, Epistemonikos, Europe PMC y Scielo. Se buscaron los términos "hipotiroidismo" y "tiroides", y se acortaron los artículos a los últimos 5 años. Resultados: Se incluyeron en total 36 artículos publicados en Inglés y en Español. Se seleccionaron aquellos relacionados al hipotiroidismo que exponen asociaciones con otras patologías. Entre estas patologías se encuentra la diabetes, las dislipidemias, enfermedades cardiovasculares, hepáticas, entre otras. Conclusiones: El hipotiroidismo es una patología prevalente que se asocia de forma frecuente con muchas otras comorbilidades que hay que tener en cuenta a la hora de abordar estos pacientes, y con ello tomar las mejores decisiones diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is the insufficient production of thyroid hormone to meet the bodily needs. This can be primary (with loss of function of the thyroid glands) or secondary (due to lack of stimulation of the glands). Given the high prevalence of hypothyroidism, and frequent associations with other diseases, a review was carried out that points out aspects of clinical interest in this pathology, which may be useful in medical practice. Methodology: A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE Complete, Epistemonikos, Europe PMC and Scielo. The terms "hypothyroidism" and "thyroid" were searched, and the articles were shortened to the last 5 years. Results: A total of 36 articles published in English and Spanish were included. Those related to hypothyroidism that exhibit associations with other pathologies were selected. These pathologies include diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular and liver diseases, among others. Conclusions: Hypothyroidism is a prevalent pathology that is frequently associated with many other comorbidities that must be taken into account when dealing with these patients, and thus make the best diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

Polymerization of aniline hydrochloride in reverse of microemulsion by batch and semicontinuous process using ionic and nonionic surfactants.

The polymerization of aniline hydrochloride by inverse microemulsion in a batch process and the semicontinuous process was studied as a function of the surfactant ionic and nonionic. Polymerizations were carried out at 60°C for 4 h with a yield polymer of circa 67 and 27% wt. for ionic and nonionic surfactants. The conductivity of synthesized polyaniline by the semicontinuous process is higher up to three orders of magnitude than that of the batch process for both surfactants. The calculating degree of oxidation by UV-Vis showed the relative intensities of the quinoid to benzenoid unit around one. The morphology was determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and observed that the formation of the different morphologies is due to the self-assembly behavior of surfactant. The diameter z-average particle size (Dz) was studied by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), which determined that the diameter particle in a semicontinuous state is larger than the one produced in a batch; this is due to the control of monomer addition in the system. These findings suggest that the polymerization process and the type of surfactant influence the properties of polyaniline.

Potenciar la calidad en formación continua: una aplicación en el ámbito deportivo / Enhancing quality in training programs: an application in the sport area

En el ámbito educativo, la gestión de la calidad suele llevarse a cabo mediante la aplicación de modelos específicos para este ámbito o bien mediante modelos estándares. Ambas alternativas tienen sus ventajas e inconvenientes; sin embargo, la mayoría de las organizaciones educativas prefieren implantar modelos estándares que suelen conllevar ciertos desajustes durante su implementación. Para hacer frente a esta situación, en este trabajo se propone un instrumento que, aplicado durante los procesos evaluativos de estas organizaciones, facilita la especificación y mejora de la participación, la utilidad y la transparencia, creando un contexto que favorezca la aplicación exitosa de los modelos estándares de gestión. Se describe su aplicación en la evaluación de necesidades llevada a cabo en el Departamento de Formación Continua de una organización andaluza dedicada al ámbito deportivo; se analizan los resultados mediante indicadores clave antes y después de aplicar el instrumento; y se valoran las ventajas obtenidas (AU)

In the field of education, specific or standard models of quality management are usually performed. Both alternatives have their advantages and disadvantages, but most educational organizations prefer to implement standard models which usually include some mismatches during their implementation. To address this situation, we propose an instrument that, when applied during the evaluation processes of these organizations, facilitates the specification and improvement of participation, usefulness and transparency. This creates a context that enhances the successful application of standard models. The instrument implementation is described in the needs assessment process of the Training Program Department in an Andalusian sports organization. Results are analyzed using key indicators before and after applying the instrument. Finally, potential advantages are discussed (AU)

Detection of quinolones in commercial eggs obtained from farms in the Espaíllat Province in the Dominican Republic.

Previously, we reported the use of quinolones in broiler chickens resulted in residues in retail poultry meat obtained from nine districts in the Santiago Province of the Dominican Republic. Residues in poultry products are a concern due to consumer allergies and the potential to develop antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Given the use of quinolones in poultry production and our previous findings in poultry meat, the objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of quinolone residues in eggs. Samples were collected from 48 different farms located in three of the four municipalities (Moca, Cayetano Germosén, and Jamao) of the Espaíllat Province. Each farm was sampled three times between July and September for a total of 144 samples. Samples were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively for quinolone residues using the Equinox test. Operation systems (cage or floor), seasonality, and location were considered along with egg-producer sizes that were defined as small scale, <30,000 eggs per day; medium scale, 30,000 to 60,000 eggs per day; or large scale, >60,000 eggs per day. From small-, medium-, and large-scale producers, 69, 50, and 40% of samples were positive for quinolone residues, respectively. A greater number of samples were positive (61%) in floor-laying hen producers compared with those using cages (40%). In the Jamao municipality, 67% of the samples were positive compared with Moca and Cayetano Germosén, where 56 and 25% of samples were positive, respectively. Sampling time had an effect on percent positives: samples collected in July, August, and September were 71, 19, and 63% positive, respectively. Overall, 51% of the samples obtained from eggs produced in the province of Espaíllat were positive for quinolone residues at levels higher than the maximum limits for edible tissue established by the regulatory agencies, including the European Union and U.S. Department of Agriculture. The results obtained from this research confirmed the presence of quinolone residue in eggs, which may present a health risk to some consumers.

Evaluation of Dentaport ZX and Raypex 6 electronic apex locators: an in vivo study.

INTRODUCTION: Raypex 6 is an electronic apex locator (EAL) that has not yet been tested in vivo. The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of two EALs: the Dentaport ZX and the Raypex 6. METHODS: The study involved 36 straight single-rooted teeth. A 10-K file was advanced until the EAL detected the major foramen. The file was fixed in a replaceable pattern of light-cured composite. The apical part of each canal was trimmed to expose the file tip. The distances from the file tips to the major foramen were measured. RESULTS: Wilcoxon's signed Rank test found no significant differences between the Dentaport ZX and Raypex 6 in terms of their abilities to detect the major foramen (P = .52) The Dentaport ZX was accurate 82.35% of the time to ± 0.5 mm and 97.05% of the time to ± 1 mm, whereas the Raypex 6 was accurate 88.22% of the time to ± 0.5 mm and 100% of the time to ± 1 mm. CONCLUSIONS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the performance of the Dentaport ZX and Raypex 6 EALs under the in vivo clinical conditions used in this study.

Hipofosfatemia revertida al extirpar hemangioendotelioma compuesto del dedo mayor del pie / Reversion of hypophosphatemia after the excision of a composite hemangioendothelioma in the great toe

We report a 43 years old male admitted to the hospital for progressive lumbar pain, lasting 20 years, that caused severe disability. On admission the patient had a serum phosphate of 2 mg/dl, an urine phosphate excretion over 300 mg/dl and serum alkaline phosphatases over 750 U/L. Serum intact parathormone was normal and tubular maximum phosphorus/glomerular filtration was 0.7 mg/dl. Bone scintigraphy showed an increased radionuclide uptake in condro-costal joints. Bone densitometry showed femoral osteoporosis. A violet colored mass was detected in a great toe. It was removed and the pathological diagnosis was a composite hemangioendothelioma. After tumor excision, serum phosphate levels returned to normal values and symptoms disappeared within 15 days.

Effect of pH on the oxidation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins for analysis by liquid chromatography.

The effect of pH on the oxidation of individual PSP toxins using both periodate and peroxide oxidations was studied. It was found that the optimum pH for individual toxins varied considerably. For periodate oxidations, pH 8.2 produced the maximum yield of fluorescent products for neosaxitoxin and GTX1/GTX4 while the non-hydroxylated toxins (saxitoxin, GTX2/GTX3, decarbamoyl saxitoxin, GTX5) showed optimum pHs from about pH 10-11.5. Neosaxitoxin and GTX1/GTX4 did not produce significant fluorescent oxidation products with peroxide oxidation at any of the pHs studied (pH 8.2-12.8). The non-hydroxylated toxins all showed optimum pHs above pH 12 with peroxide oxidation. Yields of fluorescent products of these toxins decreased substantially at pHs below pH 12. Neosaxitoxin and GTX1/GTX4 each produced three product peaks at pH 8.2 with periodate oxidation. There was no pH where these toxins produced predominantly a single oxidation product. Decarbamoyl saxitoxin always produced two oxidation products with both oxidation reactions at the pHs studied. However, the relative yields of the products changed with pH. At low pH the second eluting product predominated, while at higher pH values the first eluting product predominated. This pattern was observed for both oxidation reactions. The other non-hydroxylated toxins produced mainly single unique products with both oxidation reactions over the pH range studied. No single pH was found optimum for the oxidation of both hydroxylated and non-hydroxylated toxins without a significant compromise in yield of oxidation products. This has implications for the post column oxidation liquid chromatographic methods, since small changes in pH of the post column oxidant can both positively and negatively affect the yields of oxidation products of toxin mixtures leading to increased error in the subsequent quantitation of these compounds.

[Cardiovascular risk factors in 15 patients in chronic hemodialysis in Temuco city. Descriptive comparison with the general Chilean population]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en 15 nefrópatas de la ciudad de Temuco en diálisis crónica. Comparación descriptiva con la población general chilena.

BACKGROUND: Patients in chronic hemodialysis have a high mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. AIM: To study cardiovascular risk factors and nutritional status in a group of patients in maintenance hemodialysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Body mass index, blood pressure, serum levels of totals cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and albumin were measured in 15 patients (8 male) in maintenance hemodialysis. Data were compared with available figures for the normal Chilean population. RESULTS: Age ranged from 33 to 60 years old in female patients and from 22 to 63 years old in males. Thirteen subjects (87%) had high blood pressure, all had HDL cholesterol levels below 35 mg/dl, four (27%) had a total cholesterol over 200 mg/dl, three had triglyceride levels over 200 m/dl, two (13%) smoked and none were diabetic. Mean body mass index was normal, albumin levels were 4.16 and 4.02 g/dl and serum creatinine was 11.64 and 9.68 mg/dl in males and females respectively. The estimated prevalence of high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia and smoking in the general Chilean population range from 9 to 22%, from 50 to 52% and from 45 to 51% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This group of patients has a high frequency of high blood pressure and low HDL cholesterol levels.