All-inorganic large-area low-cost and durable flexible perovskite solar cells using copper foil as a substrate.

Here, a low-cost perovskite solar cell using CuI and ZnO as the respective inorganic hole and electron transport layers is introduced. Copper foil is chosen as a cheap and low-weight conductive substrate which has a similar work function to ITO. Besides, copper foil is an interesting copper atom source for the growth of the upper cuprous iodide layer on copper foil. A spray coating of a transparent silver nanowire electrode is used as a top contact. The prepared device shows a maximum power conversion efficiency of 12.80% and long-term durability providing an environmentally and market friendly perovskite solar cell.

Temperature and intensity of sonoluminescence radiation in sulfuric acid.

The spectral radiation of sonoluminescence (SL) from sulfuric acid doped with various Xe concentrations has been studied in a hydrochemical simulation, including radiation effects of both continuum and line emissions. The simulation considers the same temperature for both continuum and line parts of the SL spectrum and gives results in agreement with the experiment. Also, it can properly show period-doubling dynamics for a 50 torr bubble. For most of the allowable driving pressures, it is shown that both the temperature and the intensity of SL for a 4 torr bubble are greater than those of a 50 torr bubble. However, for the range of pressures near the maximum driving conditions of the 50 torr bubble, the SL intensity of this bubble can be up to three orders of magnitude greater than the 4 torr bubble. This case, which is in agreement with the experiment, is obtained when the light-emitting region of the 50 torr bubble is about three orders of magnitude greater than the 4 torr bubble.

Temperature dependency of single-bubble sonoluminescence in sulfuric acid.

Using a hydrochemical simulation, temperature dependency of single-bubble sonoluminescence (SL) in a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid has theoretically been studied. With calculating the phase diagrams of an SL bubble in the solution of 85% acid, maximum acquirable SL emissions at different ambient temperatures were calculated. The results show that the SL emission in sulfuric acid increases with increment in the ambient temperature. This temperature dependency is in opposition to that observed in experiments for SL in water. The difference originates from different instability mechanisms determining the ultimate phase parameters of SL in water and sulfuric acid. In water, due to the smallness of viscosity, the ultimate phase parameters are determined by the shape instability. However, in sulfuric acid the phase parameters are restricted by positional instability due to the largeness of the liquid viscosity.

Study of single bubble sonoluminescence in phosphoric acid.

Sonoluminescence (SL) radiation from different solutions of phosphoric acid has been studied in the framework of a hydro-chemical simulation. By calculating the phase diagrams of an SL bubble in different concentrations of phosphoric acid, the optimum solution for acquiring maximum SL emission has been specified as the solution of around 30 wt.% acid. It is shown that the SL temperature and the number of particles inside the bubble at the time of SL emission are two important factors determining the optimum solution. Numerical calculation of the SL intensity shows that the optimum solution has an intensity of about 20 times greater than that of water. Also, contributions of different energy sources in creation of thermal energy of the bubble have been calculated. The result indicates that the work of external driving pressure is the most important factor to determine the ultimate thermal energy of the bubble at the time of SL emission. Based on this result, we have reasoned out that in the determination of the optimum solution, the role of viscosity of the acid solutions is more important than the vapor pressure.

Sonoluminescence radiation from different concentrations of sulfuric acid.

Sonoluminescence (SL) radiation from an argon bubble in water and in different concentrations of sulfuric acid has numerically been studied to quantify the effects of vapor pressure and viscosity of the liquid on cavitation luminescence in a liquid with controllable vapor pressure and viscosity. For the solutions containing the noble gas with low partial pressure (about 4 Torr), it is shown that there exists an optimum acid solution in which both the temperature and the intensity of SL radiation become maximum. The calculations show that the maximum SL radiation is achieved from the solution of around 65% (wt.) H2SO4, which is in agreement with available experimental results.

Role of liquid compressional viscosity in the dynamics of a sonoluminescing bubble.

The well-known Rayleigh-Plesset ( RP ) equation is the basis of almost all hydrodynamical descriptions of single-bubble sonoluminescence ( SBSL ). A major deficiency of the RP equation is that it accounts for viscosity of an incompressible liquid and compressibility, separately. By removing this approximation, a new modification of the RP equation is presented considering effect of compressional viscosity of the liquid. This modification leads to addition of a new viscous term to the traditional bubble boundary equation. Influence of this new term in the dynamics of a sonoluminescing bubble has numerically been studied considering effects of heat transfer at the bubble wall, nonequilibrium evaporation and condensation of water vapor, chemical reactions, and diffusion of the reactions products in the liquid. The results show that the new term has a significant damping role in the bubble motion at the end of collapse and during the rebounds, so that its consideration dramatically reduces amplitude of the afterbounces. Dependence of this new damping mechanism on the driving pressure amplitude and on the ambient radius has been investigated. The results indicate that the more intense the collapse, the more important the damping of the liquid compressional viscosity.