Viral and non-viral gene therapy using 3D (bio)printing.

The overall success in launching discovered drugs is tightly restricted to the high rate of late-stage failures, which ultimately inhibits the distribution of medicines in markets. As a result, it is imperative that methods reliably predict the effectiveness and, more critically, the toxicity of medicine early in the drug development process before clinical trials be continuously innovated. We must stay up to date with the fast appearance of new infections and diseases by rapidly developing the requisite vaccinations and medicines. Modern in vitro models of disease may be used as an alternative to traditional disease models, and advanced technology can be used for the creation of pharmaceuticals as well as cells, drugs, and gene delivery systems to expedite the drug discovery procedure. Furthermore, in vitro models that mimic the spatial and chemical characteristics of native tissues, such as a 3D bioprinting system or other technologies, have proven to be more effective for drug screening than traditional 2D models. Viral and non-viral gene delivery vectors are a hopeful tool for combinatorial gene therapy, suggesting a quick way of simultaneously deliver multiple genes. A 3D bioprinting system embraces an excellent potential for gene delivery into the different cells or tissues for different diseases, in tissue engineering and regeneration medicine, in which the precise nucleic acid is located in the 3D printed tissues and scaffolds. Non-viral nanocarriers, in combination with 3D printed scaffolds, are applied to their delivery of genes and controlled release properties. There remains, however, a big obstacle in reaching the full potential of 3D models because of a lack of in vitro manufacturing of live tissues. Bioprinting advancements have made it possible to create biomimetic constructions that may be used in various drug discovery research applications. 3D bioprinting also benefits vaccinations, medicines, and relevant delivery methods because of its flexibility and adaptability. This review discusses the potential of 3D bioprinting technologies for pharmaceutical studies.

Synthesis and Characterization of PMBN as A Biocompatible Nanopolymer for Bio-Applications.

OBJECTIVE: Poly [2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphoryl choline (MPC)-co-n-buthyl methacrylate (BMA)-co-p-nitrophenyl-oxycrabonyl poly ethylene glycol-methacrylate (ME- ONP)] (PMBN), a biocompatible terpolymer, is a unique polymer with applications that range from drug delivery systems (DDS) to scaffolds and biomedical devices. In this research, we have prepared a monomer of p-nitrophenyl-oxycarbonyl poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate (MEONP) to synthesize this polymer. Next, we designed and prepared a smart, water soluble, amphiphilic PMBN polymer composed of MPC, BMA, and MEONP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, we dissolved MPC (4 mmol, 40% mole fraction), BMA (5 mmol, 50% mole fraction), and MEONP (1 mmol, 10% mole fraction) in 20 ml of dry ethanol in two necked flasks equipped with inlet-outlet gas. The structural characteristics of the synthesized monomer and polymer were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses for the first time. We treated the polymer with two different cell lines to determine its biocompatibility. RESULTS: FT-IR and H-NMR analyses confirmed the synthesis of the polymer. The size of polymer was approximately 40 nm with a molecular weight (MW) of 52 kDa, which would be excellent for a nano carrier. Microscopic analyses showed that the polymer was rodshaped. This polymer had no toxicity for individual cells. CONCLUSION: We report here, for the first time, the full properties of the PMBN polymer. The approximately 40 nm size with an acceptable zeta potential range of -8.47, PDI of 0.1, and rod-shaped structure indicated adequate parameters of a nanopolymer for nano bioapplications. We used this polymer to design a new smart nano carrier to treat leukemia stem cells based on a target DDS as a type of bio-application.