Novel Advances in the Role of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Hormonal Replacement Therapy: A Paradigm Shift.

Estrogen is a key regulatory hormone in the functioning of a female reproductive system. Estrogen hormone regulates many complex physiological processes, which has its role in reproduction and skeletal and cardiovascular systems by acting on estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERß), which are nuclear transcription factors. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are now being used to treat bone loss, breast carcinoma, and menopausal symptoms, metabolic neurodegenerative because of their characteristics that allow them to function as both estrogen agonists and antagonists, depending on the target tissue. First-generation SERMs, such as Tamoxifen, are used in the management protocol for breast cancer, which is estrogen receptor (ER-positive). Raloxifene is a second-generation SERM that is a valuable adjunct used to treat and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and prevent compression fractures of the vertebral column. Novel SERM molecules are on the horizon, proven more potent and efficacious in preventing and treating osteoporosis. These include Ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene and arzoxifene. The benefits of Raloxifene versus that of Bazedoxifene are under trial. Despite their therapeutic benefits and actions, these medications are not without adverse effects, such as thromboembolic disorders. Increased risk of uterine cancer has been linked to Tamoxifen. This article delves into the world of SERMs, including their development and discovery. The newer SERMs in late development, ospemifene, lasofoxifene, bazedoxifene, and arzoxifene, are described in detail.

Endocrine Changes in Postmenopausal Women: A Comprehensive View.

Menopause, when menstrual cycles stop, is brought on by a decline in the level of the hormones progesterone and oestrogen synthesised by the ovaries. Menopause is an unavoidable stage of a female's lifecycle, but because experiences differ for every woman, several women require health care aid to manage their health problems. The physiological variations that take place at various periods of the reproducing age, along with the kind and timing of menopause, are components that are frequently associated with a greater threat of cardiometabolic illness. The most researched associations between menopause and cardiometabolic health are reduced levels of ovarian estrogen synthesis and excessive amounts of androgen during the onset of menopause. Although testosterone and oestrogens have differing effects on adipocyte physiology, it is debatable how important oestrogens are for the emergence of metabolic disorders following menopause. The control of adipocyte differentiation by the brain as well as potential roles of oestrogen and endocrine disruptors chemicals are reviewed in this systematic review of the subject. In general, women had a greater frequency of metabolic syndrome compared to men. Female metabolism was significantly impacted by overt hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism. Osteoporosis is another medical condition that menopausal women may experience. Estrogen deprivation is the main contributor to osteoporosis in menopausal women. The regular cycle of bone turnover is disrupted by the decrease in estrogen secretion, which boosts osteoclastic resorption activity while decreasing osteoblastic activity. The entire article assesses and provides information on all the changes in a woman's life after menopause.

Asperger Syndrome (AS): A Review Article.

A variant of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) known as Asperger syndrome (AS) is characterized by severe issues with interpersonal, verbal, and nonverbal communication as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and activities. Although there is no known cause for ASD, various genetic as well as non-genetic risk factors that may act either alone or in combination to induce ASD have been identified. The occurrence of ASD has been increasing worldwide. Co-occurring neuropsychological diseases are frequently present as well. The premise for diagnosis is the observation of abnormal conduct, with diagnostic criteria emphasizing limitations in social interaction and communication as well as constrained, repetitive behavioral patterns, activities, or hobbies. The degree of the illness and the presence of intellectual impairment have a significant impact on the prognosis. Like autism, Asperger's can neither be prevented nor treated. There is no specific medical therapy that can effectively cure all of the symptoms of autism. However, medications may be used as adjuvant therapy for maladaptive behaviors and co-occurring mental problems. The treatment aims to reduce core impairments, increase functional ability, and reduce harmful behaviors that could limit functional skills. It is crucial to provide proper care, establish supportive networks for individuals who are affected and their families, and use effective therapies to enhance functioning and results.