Interactions between oocytes of different maturational stages in the carp Cyprinus carpio: effects on maturational and steroidogenic activity in vitro.

Ovarian fragments from carp which had received injections of saline (control) or carp hypophysial homogenate (primed) were incubated both alone and a cocultures of primed and control tissue in the presence of carp pituitary extract. The results showed that the cocultures were not simply the sums of separate incubations. Oocyte maturation was retarded in primed tissue but advanced in control tissue and concentrations of 17,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta P) in the medium were significantly lower than that expected from separate incubations. The results indicate that local factors may act to synchronize oocyte maturation throughout the ovary to enable spawning of the maximum number of eggs.

The temporal sequence of changes in oocyte maturation and ovarian steroid hormone production during induced ovulation in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.

Oocytes taken from carp sacrificed 3-24 hr after injection with either carp hypophysial homogenate (chh) (primed) or saline (control) were incubated with or without chh for 24 hr at 20 degrees. In oocytes from the primed fish the percentage of peripheral germinal vesicles at sacrifice progressively increased with time from injection. No such change occurred in control fish. After incubation with chh, tissue from primed fish showed a progressive increase in oocyte maturity with increasing time between priming and sacrifice, with germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in 50% of the oocytes in incubations begun 24 hr after priming. In contrast, incubated tissue from control fish showed no variation with time between saline injection and sacrifice, and oocyte maturity did not exceed 50% with peripheral germinal vesicles. GVBD was not significant in these fish. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and testosterone glucuronide production in vitro showed no major changes with the interval between injection and sacrifice, nor between control and primed fish. In vitro production of 17,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta P), however, increased significantly between tissue taken from animals at 3 and at 6 hr after injection of chh, and thereafter remained unchanged. 17,20 beta P production preceded the increase in GVBD in primed fish but neither this hormone nor GVBD was found in incubations of control fish, supporting the suggestion that 17,20 beta P is the maturation-inducing hormone in carp. Steroid production was not detectable in the absence of chh in the incubation medium and oocyte maturation showed little advance on that at sacrifice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardio-respiratory adaptation to physical exercise and hypoxia after a high-altitude expedition.

Seven young, male subjects were tested before and immediately after 6 weeks high-mountain expedition. Cardio-respiratory measurements were performed at rest and during standard physical excercise (10 min, 100 W) when breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture (14% O2 in N2). After the expedition an increased V o2 max (16% an average) and diminished heart rate response to submaximal exercise were found. This was observed during air and hypoxic mixture breathing. There was significant increase in stroke volume and cardiac output during the exercise. No significant differences in ventilatory parameters were found nor at rest or during exercise under condition of breathing atmospheric air or hypoxic mixture. No changes in erythrocyte count or haemoglobin concentration in the blood were found. The physiological changes which developed during high-mountain expedition were more dependent on physical that hypoxic training.