EFFECT OF CHRONIC INGESTION OF WINE ON THE GLYCEMIC, LIPID AND BODY WEIGHT HOMEOSTASIS IN MICE.

Background: The health benefits associated with moderate wine consumption, as with ethanol and phenolic compounds, include different mechanisms still little understandable. Aim: Evaluate glycemic and weight variations, and the deposit of triglycerides, cholesterol and liver glycogen with red wine consumption. Methods: 60 ApoE knockout mice were divided into three groups of 20: Wine Group (WG), Ethanol Group (EG) and Water Group (WAG). They received daily: WG 50 ml of wine and 50 ml water; EG 6 ml ethanol and WAG 94 ml of water. All groups were followed for four months. The food intake was monitored daily, in the period from eight to ten hours and held every five days. The measurement of water intake was also made every five days. The weighing of the animals took place every ten days. Results: The WG had higher weight increase as compared to the other groups. The concentration of hepatic triglyceride was higher in WG (57%) and the EG group was lower (31.6%, p<0.01) than the control. The concentration of cholesterol was lower in the WG (23.6%), as well as EG (24.5%, p<0.05). The concentration of glycogen was higher in WG (16%) and fasting blood glucose was higher in EG compared to the other groups but not both demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The WG increased triglyceride and WAG decreased cholesterol. The triglyceride may be increased due to the high caloric value of wine or some unknown property that led to significant increase in subcutaneous andretroperitoneal fat in mice.

Racional: Os benefícios para a saúde associados ao consumo moderado de vinho, como etanol e compostos fenólicos, incluem mecanismos diferentes ainda pouco compreensíveis. Objetivo: Avaliar as variações da glicemia, peso e depósito de triglicrideos, colesterol e glicogênio hepático com o uso de vinho tinto. Métodos: Sessenta camundongos ApoE knockout foram divididos em três grupos de 20: Grupo do Vinho (WG), grupo do Etanol (EG) Grupo Água (WAG). Cada grupo recebeu diariamente: WG 50 ml de vinho e 50 ml de água; EG 6 ml de etanol e WAG 94 ml de água. Resultados: O WG teve aumento de peso mais elevado em comparação com os outros grupos. A concentração de triglicerídeos foi maior no WG (57%) e no grupo EG inferior (31,6%) do que no controle (p <0,01). A concentração de colesterol foi inferior no WG (23,6%) e no EG (24,5%, p<0,05). A concentração de glicogênio foi maior no WG (16%); a glicemia capilar foi maior no EG em comparação com os outros grupos, mas não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: Triglicerídeos ficaram aumentados no WG e o colesterol diminuiu no WAG. Os triglicerídeos podem ter aumentado devido ao alto valor calórico do vinho ou alguma propriedade desconhecida que levou ao aumento significativo da gordura subcutânea e retroperitoneal nos camundongos.

Effect of chronic ingestion of wine on the glycemic, lipid and body weight homeostasis in mice / Efeito da ingestão crônica de vinho sobre a homeostase glicêmica, lipídica e ponderal em camundongos

ABSTRACT Background: The health benefits associated with moderate wine consumption, as with ethanol and phenolic compounds, include different mechanisms still little understandable. Aim: Evaluate glycemic and weight variations, and the deposit of triglycerides, cholesterol and liver glycogen with red wine consumption. Methods: 60 ApoE knockout mice were divided into three groups of 20: Wine Group (WG), Ethanol Group (EG) and Water Group (WAG). They received daily: WG 50 ml of wine and 50 ml water; EG 6 ml ethanol and WAG 94 ml of water. All groups were followed for four months. The food intake was monitored daily, in the period from eight to ten hours and held every five days. The measurement of water intake was also made every five days. The weighing of the animals took place every ten days. Results: The WG had higher weight increase as compared to the other groups. The concentration of hepatic triglyceride was higher in WG (57%) and the EG group was lower (31.6%, p<0.01) than the control. The concentration of cholesterol was lower in the WG (23.6%), as well as EG (24.5%, p<0.05). The concentration of glycogen was higher in WG (16%) and fasting blood glucose was higher in EG compared to the other groups but not both demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The WG increased triglyceride and WAG decreased cholesterol. The triglyceride may be increased due to the high caloric value of wine or some unknown property that led to significant increase in subcutaneous andretroperitoneal fat in mice.

RESUMO Racional: Os benefícios para a saúde associados ao consumo moderado de vinho, como etanol e compostos fenólicos, incluem mecanismos diferentes ainda pouco compreensíveis. Objetivo: Avaliar as variações da glicemia, peso e depósito de triglicrideos, colesterol e glicogênio hepático com o uso de vinho tinto. Métodos: Sessenta camundongos ApoE knockout foram divididos em três grupos de 20: Grupo do Vinho (WG), grupo do Etanol (EG) Grupo Água (WAG). Cada grupo recebeu diariamente: WG 50 ml de vinho e 50 ml de água; EG 6 ml de etanol e WAG 94 ml de água. Resultados: O WG teve aumento de peso mais elevado em comparação com os outros grupos. A concentração de triglicerídeos foi maior no WG (57%) e no grupo EG inferior (31,6%) do que no controle (p <0,01). A concentração de colesterol foi inferior no WG (23,6%) e no EG (24,5%, p<0,05). A concentração de glicogênio foi maior no WG (16%); a glicemia capilar foi maior no EG em comparação com os outros grupos, mas não demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: Triglicerídeos ficaram aumentados no WG e o colesterol diminuiu no WAG. Os triglicerídeos podem ter aumentado devido ao alto valor calórico do vinho ou alguma propriedade desconhecida que levou ao aumento significativo da gordura subcutânea e retroperitoneal nos camundongos.

Impact of a high-fat diet containing canola or soybean oil on body development and bone; parameters in adult male rats / Impacto de una dieta alta en grasa que contiene aceite de canola o aceite de soja en el desarrollo del cuerpo y los huesos; parámetros en ratas macho adultas

Introduction: The role of the fatty acid in the prevention or progression of chronic diseases has generated significant interest on the part of researchers. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the long-term effects of high-fat diet containing soybean or canola oil on body development and bone parameters of male rats. Methods: After weaning, rats were grouped and fed either a control diet (7S) or a high-fat diet containing soybean (19S) or canola oil (19C). Femur and lumbar vertebra (LV4) structure were determined at 180 days by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography. Results: The groups showed similar food intake, body mass and length development. The bone parameters of the 19C were similar to the control group, while the 19S showed lower bone parameters when compared to the other groups. Conclusions: The high-fat diet containing soybean oil was unfavorable to bone structure, while the canola oil contributed bone health during the adult stage of life (AU)

Introducción: El papel del ácido graso en la prevención o la progresión de las enfermedades crónicas ha generado un interés significativo por parte de los investigadores. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar los efectos a largo plazo de la dieta alta en grasas que contienen soja o aceite de canola en los parámetros de desarrollo del cuerpo y los huesos de ratas macho. Métodos: Después del destete, las ratas se agruparon y se alimentaron con una dieta control (7S) o una dieta alta en grasa que contiene soja (19S) o aceite de canola (19C). Fémur y vértebras lumbares (LV4) estructura se determinaron a los 180 días por absorciometría dual de rayos X y tomografía computarizada. Resultados: Los grupos mostraron similares ingesta de alimentos, la masa corporal y el desarrollo de longitud. Los parámetros óseos de la 19C fueron similares al grupo control, mientras que los 19S mostró parámetros óseos inferiores en comparación con los otros grupos. Conclusiones: La dieta alta en grasas que contiene aceite de soja fue desfavorable a la estructura ósea, mientras que el aceite de canola contribuyó salud de los huesos en la etapa adulta de la vida (AU)

Short term low-calorie diet improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters in obese women / La dieta baja en calorías a corto plazo mejora la sensibilidad a la insulina y los parámetros metabólicos en las mujeres obesas

Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with an increase of cardiovascular risk factors, including adipocytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-calorie diet on serum lipids, adipokines, insulin resistance and body composition in obese women. It was a clinical trial with class I obese women aged 30-45 years submitted to hypocaloric diet for 90 days. Dietary intake, anthropometric parameters, body composition, serum lipids, glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, HOMA-IR and QUICKI indexes were evaluated at the baseline, 30, 60 and 90 days. There was 30% significant decrease in energy intake, and also decrease in body weight, body mass index and waist circumference (p < 0.01) throughout the treatment period. Despite the amount of lean body mass (kg) reduced in average, it was observed that lean body mass (%) had increased (p < 0.01) and that the amount of fat body mass (kg) had decreased significantly in the third month (p < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure reduced up to -5mmHg (p < 0.05) after 90 days. Was observed a decrease (p < 0.05) on serum insulin and HOMA-IR until the 60th day, while the serum adiponectin increased (p < 0.01) during treatment. Corroborating with the reduction of fat body mass and weight, serum leptin also reduced (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the short-term low-calorie diet reduces total body fat, mainly found in the abdominal region, and efficiently improve insulin sensitivity decreasing cardiovascular risk in obese women (AU)

La obesidad y la resistencia a la insulina se asocian con un aumento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, incluyendo las adipocitocinas. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de una dieta baja en calorías sobre los lípidos séricos, las adipocinas, la resistencia a la insulina y la composición corporal en mujeres obesas. Se trataba de un estudio clínico en mujeres con obesidad de clase I, con edades entre 30-45 años, sometidas a una dieta hipocalórica durante 90 días. Se evaluaron basalmente y a los 30, 60 y 90 días la ingesta dietética, los parámetros antropométricos, la composición corporal, los lípidos séricos, la glucosa, la insulina, la leptina, la adiponectina y los índices HOMA-IR QUICKI. Hubo un descenso significativo del 30 % en el consumo de energía y un descenso del peso corporal, el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia de la cintura (p < 0,01) durante todo el periodo de tratamiento. A pesar de que se redujo en promedio la masa magra corporal (kg), se observó que la masa magra corporal (%) se incrementó (p < 0,01) y que la cantidad de masa corporal grasa (Kg) disminuyó significativamente al tercer mes (p < 0,05). La presión sanguínea sistólica se redujo en 5 mmHg (p < 0,05) a los 90 días. Observamos un descenso de la insulina sérica y del HOMA-IR en el día 60 (p < 0,05), mientras que la adiponectina sérica aumentó (p < 0,01) durante el tratamiento. Como corroboración de la reducción de la masa corporal grasa y del peso, la leptina sérica también se redujo (p < 0,01). Estos resultados sugieren que la dieta hipocalórica a corto plazo reduce la grasa corporal total, fundamentalmente en la región abdominal y mejora de forma eficiente la sensibilidad a la insulina disminuyendo el riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres obesas (AU)

Abdominal adiposity, insulin and bone quality in young male rats fed a high-fat diet containing soybean or canola oil.

OBJECTIVES: A low ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with healthy bone properties. However, fatty diets can induce obesity. Our objective was to evaluate intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin, and bone growth in rats fed a high-fat diet containing low ratios of omega-6/omega-3 provided in canola oil. METHODS: After weaning, rats were grouped and fed either a control diet (7S), a high-fat diet containing soybean oil (19S) or a high-fat diet of canola oil (19C) until they were 60 days old. Differences were considered to be significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: After 60 days, the 19S and 19C groups showed more energy intake, body density growth and intraabdominal fat mass. However, the 19S group had a higher area (200%) and a lower number (44%) of adipocytes, while the 7S and 19C groups did not differ. The serum concentrations of glucose and insulin and the insulin resistance index were significantly increased in the 19C group (15%, 56%, and 78%, respectively) compared to the 7S group. Bone measurements of the 19S and 19C groups showed a higher femur mass (25%) and a higher lumbar vertebrae mass (11%) and length (5%). Computed tomography analysis revealed more radiodensity in the proximal femoral epiphysis and lumbar vertebrae of 19C group compared to the 7S and 19S groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the amount and source of fat used in the diet after weaning increase body growth and fat depots and affect insulin resistance and, consequently, bone health.

The outcome of acute schistosomiasis infection in adult mice with postnatal exposure to maternal malnutrition.

Maternal malnutrition during the lactation period in early development may have long-term programming effects on adult offspring. We evaluated the combined effects of parasitological behaviour and histopathological features and malnutrition during lactation. Lactating mice and their pups were divided into a control group (fed a normal diet of 23% protein), a protein-restricted group (PR) (fed a diet containing 8% protein) and a caloric-restricted group (CR) (fed according to the PR group intake). At the age of 60 days, the offspring were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and killed at nine weeks post-infection. Food intake, body and liver masses, leptinaemia, corticosteronaemia, collagen morphometry and neogenesis and the cellular composition of liver granulomas were studied. PR offspring showed reduced weight gain and hypophagia, whereas CR offspring became overweight and developed hyperphagia. The pre-patent period was longer (45 days) in both programmed offspring as compared to controls (40 days). The PR-infected group had higher faecal and intestinal egg output and increased liver damage. The CR-infected group showed a lower number of liver granulomas, increased collagen neogenesis and a higher frequency of binucleate hepatocytes, suggesting a better modulation of the inflammatory response and increased liver regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that neonatal malnutrition of offspring during lactation affects the outcome of schistosomiasis in mice.

The outcome of acute schistosomiasis infection in adult mice with postnatal exposure to maternal malnutrition

Maternal malnutrition during the lactation period in early development may have long-term programming effects on adult offspring. We evaluated the combined effects of parasitological behaviour and histopathological features and malnutrition during lactation. Lactating mice and their pups were divided into a control group (fed a normal diet of 23 percent protein), a protein-restricted group (PR) (fed a diet containing 8 percent protein) and a caloric-restricted group (CR) (fed according to the PR group intake). At the age of 60 days, the offspring were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and killed at nine weeks post-infection. Food intake, body and liver masses, leptinaemia, corticosteronaemia, collagen morphometry and neogenesis and the cellular composition of liver granulomas were studied. PR offspring showed reduced weight gain and hypophagia, whereas CR offspring became overweight and developed hyperphagia. The pre-patent period was longer (45 days) in both programmed offspring as compared to controls (40 days). The PR-infected group had higher faecal and intestinal egg output and increased liver damage. The CR-infected group showed a lower number of liver granulomas, increased collagen neogenesis and a higher frequency of binucleate hepatocytes, suggesting a better modulation of the inflammatory response and increased liver regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that neonatal malnutrition of offspring during lactation affects the outcome of schistosomiasis in mice.

Abdominal adiposity, insulin and bone quality in young male rats fed a high-fat diet containing soybean or canola oil

OBJECTIVES: A low ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with healthy bone properties. However, fatty diets can induce obesity. Our objective was to evaluate intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin, and bone growth in rats fed a high-fat diet containing low ratios of omega-6/omega-3 provided in canola oil. METHODS: After weaning, rats were grouped and fed either a control diet (7S), a high-fat diet containing soybean oil (19S) or a high-fat diet of canola oil (19C) until they were 60 days old. Differences were considered to be significant if p<0.05. RESULTS: After 60 days, the 19S and 19C groups showed more energy intake, body density growth and intraabdominal fat mass. However, the 19S group had a higher area (200 percent) and a lower number (44 percent) of adipocytes, while the 7S and 19C groups did not differ. The serum concentrations of glucose and insulin and the insulin resistance index were significantly increased in the 19C group (15 percent, 56 percent, and 78 percent, respectively) compared to the 7S group. Bone measurements of the 19S and 19C groups showed a higher femur mass (25 percent) and a higher lumbar vertebrae mass (11 percent) and length (5 percent). Computed tomography analysis revealed more radiodensity in the proximal femoral epiphysis and lumbar vertebrae of 19C group compared to the 7S and 19S groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the amount and source of fat used in the diet after weaning increase body growth and fat depots and affect insulin resistance and, consequently, bone health.

Leptin/adiponectin ratio in obese women with and without binge eating disorder.

BACKGROUND: Adipose tissue-derived hormones are involved in the pathophysiology of eating disorders and other mental disorders. Studies have suggested that the serum leptin/adiponectin ratio is highly correlated with BMI. Furthermore, it is associated with a number of metabolic processes and inflammatory markers that are involved in obesity and mental disorders, such as the physiopathology of binge eating disorder (BED). We investigated whether variations in leptin and adiponectin serum concentrations differed between adult women with and without BED before and after a meal. METHODS: The study group was composed of 8 normal weight women (20-25 kg/m2) without BED, 8 obese women (>/=30 kg/m2) with BED, and 7 obese women without BED (non-BED). Blood samples were collected before and after the consumption of a meal composed of 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 30% lipids. RESULTS: Body mass index (p<0.0001), leptin (p<0.0001) and the leptin/adiponectin ratio (p<0.0001) were higher in obese non-BED women than in obese BED and normal weight groups. Adiponectin (p=0.01) concentrations were lower in the obese BED group than in the other groups before and after the meal. CONCLUSIONS: The hypoadiponectinemia followed by the altered levels of leptin in obese BED woman may predispose these subjects to an inadequate energy balance, which could promote weight gain and an increased food intake in woman that may contribute to obesity and binge eating in these subjects.

Tomografia computadorizada na avaliação da distribuição do tecido adiposo abdominal de ratos alimentados com rações hiperlipídicas após desnutrição neonatal / Computed tomography in the evaluation of abdominal fat distribution associated with a hyperlipidic diet in previously undernourished rats

OBJETIVO: Descrever repercussões da ração suplementada com óleo de soja ou óleo de canola, por meio da tomografia computadorizada, na distribuição do tecido adiposo abdominal, após desmame de ratos desnutridos durante a lactação. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Ratas lactantes submetidas a restrição alimentar (RA) em 50 por cento, de acordo com o consumo das lactantes controles (C). Após o desmame, filhotes desnutridos receberam ração contendo 19 por cento de óleo de soja (RA-soja 19 por cento) ou óleo de canola (RA-canola 19 por cento). Os filhotes do grupo controle receberam ração contendo 7 por cento de óleo de soja (C-soja 7 por cento). Aos 60 dias de idade, foram realizadas medidas corporais e das áreas de tecido adiposo abdominal por meio de tomografia computadorizada. Após sacrifício, tecido adiposo abdominal foi excisado e pesado. Os dados foram expressos como média ± erro-padrão da média, considerando o nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Os grupos RA 19 por cento desenvolveram similares comprimento, massa corporal e depósito de tecido adiposo visceral. Todas as avaliações realizadas foram significantemente menores em relação ao grupo C-soja 7 por cento. Entretanto, na tomografia computadorizada, os grupos RA-soja 19 por cento e RA-canola 19 por cento apresentaram diferenças significativas da distribuição do tecido adiposo abdominal. CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia computadorizada mostrou que a distribuição de tecido adiposo, na cavidade abdominal, pode ser dependente do tipo de óleo vegetal na dieta.

OBJECTIVE: To study, by means of computed tomography, the repercussion of post-weaning dietary supplementation with soy oil or canola oil on the abdominal fat distribution in previously undernourished rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dams submitted to 50 percent food restriction (FR) compared with dams receiving a standard diet (C). After weaning, undernourished rats received a diet supplemented with 19 percent soy oil (19 percent FR-soy) or 19 percent canola oil (19 percent FR-canola). Rats in the control group received a diet with 7 percent soy oil (7 percent C-soy) until the end of the experimental period. At the age of 60 days old, the rats were submitted to computed tomography for evaluation of total abdominal and visceral fat area. The rats' length and body mass were evaluated and, after their sacrifice, the abdominal fat depots were excised weighted. The data are reported as mean ± mean standard error, with p < 0.05 considered as significance level. RESULTS: Rats in the group 19 percent FR presented similar length, body weight and visceral fat mass. As a whole, the evaluations have shower results significantly lower in relation to the control group (7 percent C-soy). However, computed tomography has found significant differences in abdominal fat distribution for the groups 19 percent FR-soy and 19 percent FR-canola. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography has demonstrated that the abdominal fat distribution may be dependent on the type of vegetable oil included in the diet.

Drug interaction with radiopharmaceuticals: a review

Clinical images are worthwhile in Health Sciences and their analysis and correct interpretation aid the professionals,such as physicians, physiotherapists and occupational therapists, to make decisions and take subsequent therapeutic and/or rehabilitation measures. Other factors, besides the state of the disease, may interfere and affect the bioavailability of the radiopharmaceuticals (radiobiocomplexes) and the quality of the SPECT and PET images. Furthermore, the labeling of some of these radiobiocomplexes, such as plasma proteins, white blood cells and red blood cells, with 99mT, can also be modified. These factors include drugs (synthetic and natural) and dietary conditions, as well as some medical procedures (invasive or non-invasive), such as radiation therapy, surgical procedures, prostheses, cardioversion, intubation, chemoperfusion, external massage, immunotherapy, blood transfusion and hemodialysis. In conclusion, the knowledge about these factors capable of interfering with the bioavailability of the radiobiocomplexes is worthwhile for secure diagnosis. Moreover, the development of biological models to study these phenomena is highly relevant and desirable.

Imagens clínicas são valiosas em Ciências da Saúde e a análise e a interpretação correta das mesmas auxiliam os profissionais, como médico, fisioterapeuta, terapeuta ocupacional, na tomada de decisões e subseqüentes ações terapêuticas e/ou de reabilitação. Além das doenças outros fatores podem interferir e afetar a biodisponibilidade dos radiofármacos (radiobiocomplexos) e a qualidade das imagens (SPECT e PET). Além disso, a marcação de alguns desses radiobiocomplexos com Tc-99m, como proteínas plasmáticas, leucócitos e hemácias, também pode ser modificada. Entre esses fatores, estão drogas (sintéticas e naturais) e condições alimentares, assim como alguns procedimentos médicos (invasivos e não invasivos), como a radioterapia, processos cirúrgicos, próteses, cardioversão, intubação, quimioperfusão, massagem externa, imunoterapia, transfusão sanguínea e hemodiálise. Em conclusão, o conhecimento sobre esses efeitos capazes de interferir na biodisponibilidade de radiobiocomplexos é altamente relevante para diagnósticos precisos. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de modelos biológicos para estudar esses fenômenos é de elevada importância e desejável.

Parasitological characteristics of Schistosoma mansoni infection in swiss mice with underlying malnutrition

The effects of a protein-restricted diet (8 percent protein, 81 percent carbohydrate and 11 percent lipids) on Schistosoma mansoni infectivity, fecal egg excretion and intestinal egg distribution in Swiss (SW) mice were studied. Pregnant mice received a deficient diet from the middle of gestation until delivery. Seven-days-old mice were exposed to 50 cercariae (BH strain, Brazil). Offspring mice had a free access to the deficient diet since lactation until adulthood. The controls were fed with a commercial mice diet. A parasitological examination was performed between six and eight weeks post-infection while both groups were necropsied one week later. Mice on the experimental diet showed a significant loss in body weight. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in pre-patent period, kinetics of egg excretion and worm recovery from mice on either diet. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found concerning to the percentage of deposited eggs in the distal segment of the small intestine from hosts on the experimental diet.Our data suggest that experimental malnutrition induced for a long term has no detrimental effect on the acute schistosomiais infection in SW mice

Importance of the nutritional status for the interpretation of nuclear medicine examinations

Malnutrition is very prevalent in the Third World, but still in developing Countries and is found in certain communities in developed Countries. Several laboratories examinations are affected by malnutrition. Recently, gestational or neonatal malnutrition were considered to contribute to the development of chronic diseases in adulthood, this phenomena was named programming or metabolic imprinting. Similar consideration were suggested for Nuclear Medicine examinations. Here we review the literature about this aspect and present our own data showing changes in biodistribution of a radiopharmaceutical compound in different animal models of adult malnutrition or caused by maternal malnutrition programming

Comportamento alimentar de ratos adultos submetidos à restrição protéica cujas mães sofreram desnutrição durante a lactação / Feeding behavior of adult rats submitted to protein malnutrition whose members received protein restricted diets during lactation

Foi avaliado o consumo alimentar de animais adultos submetidos à restrição protéica, cujas mães receberam dieta hipoprotéica ou hipocalórica na lactação: controle (C) ração normal com 23 por cento de proteína; restrição protéica (RP) 8 por cento de proteína; restrição energética (RE) 23 por cento de proteína, em quantidade restrita à ingerida pelo grupo restrição protéica. Após o desmame todos os filhotes receberam ração normal até 60 dias e nesta época foram submetidos, por 21 dias, ao seguinte tratamento: (C/C)-filhotes de mães C recebendo ração normal; (restrição protéica/controle)-filhotes de mães Controle, recebendo ração hipoprotéica; (C/RP)-filhotes de mães RP recebendo ração normal; (RP/RP)-filhotes de mães RP recebendo ração hipoprotéica; (C/RE)-filhotes de mães RE recebendo ração normal; (RP/RE)-filhotes de mães RE recebendo ração hipoprotéica. Os filhotes de mães RP consumiram menos ração até 57 dias (p<0,01), enquanto os filhotes de mães RE normalizaram a ingestão aos 37 dias. Aos 81 dias, os animais submetidos à restrição protéica consumiram menos ração (p<0,01). A dieta materna na lactação modificou o consumo alimentar e o peso corporal da prole na vida adulta, estando, possivelmente, a restrição protéica associada a uma alteração permanente no controle hipotalâmico da seleção de nutrientes da prole

Resistência a hormônios tireóideos: contribuiçäo da transgênese para a compreensäo da síndrome / Thyroid hormones resistance: transgenesis contribution to understand the syndrome

A resistência aos hormônios tireóideos (RTH) é uma síndrome de herança dominante, decorrente da hipossensibilidade dos tecidos aos hormônios tireóideos e caracterizada pela elevação dos hormônios tireóideos séricos com TSH normal ou aumentado e bócio. Tem sido atribuída a mutações na isoforma ß do receptor para hormônios tireóideos (TR ). Modelos de transgênese têm contribuído para a compreensão da RTH. A ausência da expressão do TR em camundongos TR knockout tornou os tireotrofos parcialmente resistentes aos hormônios tireóideos, o que não ocorreu nos animais knockout para a isoforma a do TR. Entretanto, camundongos que não expressam as duas formas de TR apresentam completa resistência aos hormônios tireóideos, sendo os hormônios tireóideos e TSH séricos elevadíssimos. Mutantes de TR humano expressos em tecidos de camundongo reproduziram várias manifestações da RTH. A expressão de TR mutado apenas no coração ou apenas na hipófise induziu diminuição dos efeitos de hormônios tireóideos e resistência à administração dos mesmos nestes tecidos. Modelos transgênicos evidenciaram que, além da resistência hipofisária, a resistência nos neurônios hipotalâmicos, de TRH, é imprescindível para que haja aumento de produção de hormônios tireóideos. Camundongos knockout para o coativador SRC-1 também se mostraram parcialmente resistentes aos hormônios tireóideos, sugerindo que outras proteínas envolvidas no mecanismo de ação dos hormônios tireóideos possam causar RTH. Assim, os modelos transgênicos forneceram provas que o mutante TRb, in vivo, interfere com a ação das diferentes isoformas do TR selvagem e causa RHT. Modelos transgênicos são uma valiosa ferramenta para a compreensão da heterogeneidade de apresentação clínica da RTH.