Predictors and Rate of Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major public health concern and encloses a wide spectrum of causes. The purpose of this study is to assess predictors and rate of survival at hospital discharge and long-term in the setting of OHCA. The secondary endpoint is to compare OHCA-survival outcomes of presumed ischemic versus non ischemic cause. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was conducted on 318 consecutive patients admitted for OHCA at Civilian Hospitals of Colmar between 2010 and 2019. Data concerning baseline characteristics, EKG, biological parameters, and coronary angiograms were collected. We observed the living status (alive or dead) of each of study's participants by March 2023. RESULTS: The observed survival rate was 34.3% at hospital discharge and 26.7% at 7.1-year follow up. The mean age of study population was 63±16 years and 32.7% were women. 65.7% of OHCA-patients underwent coronary angiography that revealed a significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in half of study participants. Primary angioplasty was performed in 43.4% of study population. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in those with RBBB (83.7% vs. 62.5%, p=0.004), diabetes mellitus (84.2% vs. 59.9%, p<0.001), arterial hypertension (72.2% vs. 57.7%, p=0.007), peripheral arterial disease (79.2% vs. 52.2%, p=0.031) whereas it was lower in case of anterior STEMI (43.9% vs 71.4%, p<0.001), presence of obstructive CAD (52.2% vs. 79.2%, p<0.001), primary angioplasty performance (48.6% vs. 78.9%, p<0.001), initial shockable rhythm (43.8% vs. 88.6%, p<0.001), initial chest pain (49.4% vs. 71.5%, p<0.001). After adjusting on covariates, the Cox model only identified an initial shockable rhythm as independent predictor of survival at hospital discharge [HR=0.185, 95%CI (0.085-0.404), p<0.001] and 7-year follow up [HR=0.201, 95%CI (0.082-0.492), p<0.001]. The Kaplan-Meier and log Rank test showed a difference in survival outcomes between OHCA with versus without CAD (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The proportion of OHCA-survivors is small despite the development of emergency health care system. Initial shockable rhythm is the strong predictor of survival. OHCA of presumed coronary cause is associated with a better long-term survival outcome.

A review of therapeutic approaches for post-infarction left ventricular remodeling.

Left ventricular remodeling is an adaptive process initially developed in response to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but it ends up with negative adverse outcomes such as infarcted wall thinning, ventricular dilation, and cardiac dysfunction. A prolonged excessive inflammatory reaction to cardiomyocytes death and necrosis plays the crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms. The pharmacological treatment includes nitroglycerine, ß-blockers, ACEi/ARBs, SGLT2i, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and some miscellaneous aspects. Stem cells therapy, CD34+ cells transplantation and gene therapy constitute the promissing therapeutic approaches for post AMI cardiac remodeling, thereby enhancing angiogenesis, cardiomyocytes differenciation and left ventricular function on top of inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and collagen deposition. All these lead to reduce infarct size, scar formation and myocardial fibrosis.

Coronary artery aneurysm: A review.

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a clinical entity defined by a focal enlargement of the coronary artery exceeding the 1.5-fold diameter of the adjacent normal segment. Atherosclerosis is the main cause in adults and Kawasaki disease in children. CAA is a silent progressive disorder incidentally detected by coronary angiography, but it may end with fatal complications such as rupture, compression of adjacent cardiopulmonary structures, thrombus formation and distal embolization. The pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Atherosclerosis, proteolytic imbalance and inflammatory reaction are involved in aneurysmal formation. Data from previously published studies are scarce and controversial, thereby the management of CAA is individualized depending on clinical presentation, CAA characteristics, patient profile and physician experience. Multiple therapeutic approaches including medical treatment, covered stent angioplasty, coil insertion and surgery were described. Herein, we provide an up-to-date systematic review on the pathophysiology, complications and management of CAA.

Coronary artery disease is associated with valvular heart disease, but could it Be a predictive factor?

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with severe valvular heart disease (VHD) and the association between these two cardiac entities. Our research aims to introduce the theory of a possible causal relationship. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 1308 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for severe VHD in the cardiovascular department of Notre-Dame de Secours University Hospital (NDSUH) between December 2000 and December 2016. According to transthoracic echocardiography, patients were divided into 4 groups: patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR), patients with severe mitral stenosis (MS), and patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Preoperative coronary angiographies were reviewed for the presence or the absence of significant CAD (≥50% luminal stenosis). Chi-square test and 2 × 2 tables were used. RESULTS: Of the 1308 patients with severe VHD, 1002 patients had isolated aortic valve disease, 240 patients had isolated mitral valve disease, and 66 patients had combined aortomitral valve disease. CAD was detected in 27.75% of all patients with severe VHD, in 32% of patients with isolated aortic valve disease, and in 15% of patients with isolated mitral valve disease. Statistical analysis showed a higher prevalence in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis and a significant relationship between CAD and aortic valve disease, mainly severe AS (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CAD in patients with VHD is 27.75%, and it correlates significantly with aortic valve disease, in particular with severe AS. Future large studies are needed to evaluate the possible causal relationship.

A Case of Isolated Unilateral Right Renal Vein Thrombosis Associated with Bilateral Pulmonary Embolism Treated with Rivaroxaban a Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulant.

BACKGROUND Renal vein thrombosis is uncommon and can be associated with nephrotic syndrome. It is associated with high patient morbidity , and it may lead to thromboembolic event. CASE REPORT A 44-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath, chest pain and tightness, due to bilateral pulmonary embolism originating from right renal vein thrombosis. The diagnosis was made by transthoracic echocardiography and enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis. No underlying diseases were found. She was treated with heparin infusion therapy and rivaroxaban with good clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS A rare case is presented of isolated unilateral right renal vein thrombosis diagnosed following bilateral pulmonary embolism in a previously healthy 44-year-old woman, which was successfully treated with the DOAC, rivaroxaban.

A Rare Case of Candida Pericarditis Associated with Esophagopericardial Fistula.

BACKGROUND Candida albicans is the principal human fungal opportunistic organism commonly detected in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. Five species of candida (Glabrata, Tropicalis, Albicans, Parapsilosis, and Kruzei) are responsible for most cases of invasive candidiasis or candidemia, which is a growing public health concern due to the increasing complexity of patients, leading to a high fatality rate. CASE REPORT We report an extremely rare case of candida pericarditis due to esophagopericardial fistula in a young, heavy, alcoholic adult diagnosed by culture of the drained pericardial fluid, which showed a growth of Candida albicans. CONCLUSIONS We highlight the first case of candida pericarditis in immunocompetent adult successfully treated by pericardiocentesis and oral fluconazole.

The lebanese society of cardiology: plans and perspectives, navigating against contrary winds and progressing against all odds.

Scientific societies in medicine theoretically aim to improve a medical field as a science; however, this role is expanding nowadays to seeking also the improved practice of a certain medical field. In this regard, the current Lebanese Society of Cardiology (2013-2015) has laid many plans and considered many perspectives. These concern mainly, but not exclusively, the increase of public awareness regarding prevention, investment in research, implementation of guidelines, support of continuous medical education, organization of cardiology symposia and congresses, and achievement of national registries regarding main cardiac conditions, as well as the society's main objective of decreasing the burden of cardiovascular diseases in Lebanon. Nonetheless, the implementation of such plans and perspectives is facing contrary winds related to a multifaceted phenomenon: the dominance of private medicine with a subsequent lack of teamwork, the dominance of private media, the social and political unrest in Lebanon, significant discrepancies in the scientific background of cardiologists, and the absence of a standardized national cardiology licensing exam. Importantly, the implementation of such plans and perspectives requires individual commitment, along with the cooperation of the Order of Physicians, the Syndicate of Hospitals in Lebanon (representing private hospitals) and the Ministry of Health. Moreover, industry must be more committed to medical scientific societies; the support of cardiology events organized without the auspices of the Lebanese Society of Cardiology is not encouraged because of the presence of significant conflict of interest.

Perspectives on the value of biomarkers in acute cardiac care and implications for strategic management.

Biomarkers in acute cardiac care are gaining increasing interest given their clinical benefits. This study is a review of the major conditions in acute cardiac care, with a focus on biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic assessment. Through a PubMed search, 110 relevant articles were selected. The most commonly used cardiac biomarkers (cardiac troponin, natriuretic peptides, and C-reactive protein) are presented first, followed by a description of variable acute cardiac conditions with their relevant biomarkers. In addition to the conventional use of natriuretic peptides, cardiac troponin, and C-reactive protein, other biomarkers are outlined in variable critical conditions that may be related to acute cardiac illness. These include ST2 and chromogranin A in acute dyspnea and acute heart failure, matrix metalloproteinase in acute chest pain, heart-type fatty acid binding protein in acute coronary syndrome, CD40 ligand and interleukin-6 in acute myocardial infarction, blood ammonia and lactate in cardiac arrest, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha in atrial fibrillation. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the physiopathology of most cardiac diseases, whether acute or chronic. In summary, natriuretic peptides, cardiac troponin, C-reactive protein are currently the most relevant biomarkers in acute cardiac care. Point-of-care testing and multi-markers use are essential for prompt diagnostic approach and tailored strategic management.

Pacemaker syndrome and pseudo-ventricular high threshold after dual-chamber pacemaker replacement.

We report a 60-year-old male patient who presented with pacemaker syndrome. The patient had recent dual-chamber pacemaker replacement. Surface ECG and endocavitary electrograms were compatible with leads connection inversion. Device interrogation showed pseudo-ventricular high threshold. Dual-chamber pacemaker leads inversion in a pacer-dependent patient can lead to life-threatening complications. Industry technicians should not perform device technical assistance when unsupervised by physicians with expertise.