Investigating temporal bone variation of colonial populations from St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: A 3D geometric morphometric approach.

OBJECTIVES: In Quebec, genetic and genealogical research are used to document migratory events and family structures since colonial times, because bioarchaeological analysis is limited by poor skeletal preservation. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring past population structure in the St-Lawrence Valley from the French (1683-1760) and British (1760-1867) regimes using morphological variation of well-preserved temporal bones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3D geometric morphometrics shape data from seven populations (five Catholics of French descent and two Protestants of British descent; n = 214) were collected from temporal bones. Using Procrustes distances and both MANOVA and Discriminant Function Analysis, morphological differences were measured to calculate affinities patterns among populations. Shape variations were explored with between-group analysis, Mahalanobis distances and quantified by means of Fst estimates using Relethford-Blangero analysis. RESULTS: Despite strong affinities between all Catholic cemeteries, all show divergent morphological regional diversity -especially Montreal and the fortified villages dedicated to its defense. Montreal exhibits low increase in morphological variance over three centuries. As our results show no morphological differences between the Catholic and the Protestant cemeteries in Montreal, this fact may highlight the potential presence of Irish or admixed individuals in Montreal cemeteries after the British takeover. DISCUSSION: Patterns of morphological diversity highlighted that French colonists did not equally contribute to the descendant populations as reflected by significant interregional variation. Although historical records show that French and English-speaking populations did not tend to admix, morphological affinities between Protestants and Catholics in the beginning of the industrial era in Montreal could reflect the genetic contribution of Catholic Irish migrants. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: All Catholic cemeteries display distinct morphologies, highlighting differential contributions from French colonists and founder effects, which have increased regional differences. Montreal Catholic (French descent) and Protestant (English colonists) cemeteries show significant morphological affinities at the beginning of the industrial era. The Irish migration following the British conquest may explain morphological similarities observed between Catholic and Protestant cemeteries.

OBJECTIFS: Au Québec, les phases de peuplement suivant l'arrivée des premiers colons européens ont presque été exclusivement documentées par des recherches génétiques et généalogiques. Les analyses bioarchéologiques sont limitées par l'important état de fragmentation des collections. L'étude de la variation morphologique de l'os temporal, particulièrement bien conservé, permettrait d'explorer l'histoire des populations de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, du régime français (1683-1760) au régime britannique (1760-1878). MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Un total de 214 os temporaux issus de sept cimetières catholiques (ascendance française) et protestants (ascendance britannique) a été modélisé en 3D et analysé par morphométrie géométrique. Des analyses de/par distance Procruste couplées avec une analyse discriminante et une MANOVA ont été utilisées pour évaluer les différences et affinités morphologiques entre les cimetières. Les fluctuations morphologiques ont été étudiées à l'aide d'une analyse de distances de Mahalanobis et quantifiées au moyen d'estimations Fst en utilisant l'analyse de Relethford-Blangero. RÉSULTATS: Malgré une forte affinité entre tous les cimetières catholiques, ces derniers présentent également une diversité morphologique régionale divergente - en particulier Montréal et ses villages satellites fortifiés. Montréal présente une faible augmentation de la variance morphologique sur trois siècles. Nos résultats ne montrent pas de différences morphologiques entre les populations francophones et anglophones, ce qui pourrait refléter la présence d'Irlandais après la conquête britannique. DISCUSSION: Les modèles de diversité morphologique interrégionale démontrent que les colons français n'ont pas contribué de manière égale aux populations descendantes comme le démontre les différences morphologiques observés. Les affinités entre protestants et catholiques au début de l'ère industrielle à Montréal pourraient refléter les importantes vagues de migrations irlandaises et le potentiel métissage malgré des différences socio-culturelle importantes.

Effects of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on Sleep Quality in Student Athletes After Concussion: A Pilot Study.

CONTEXT: Impaired sleep quality is among many symptoms observed in patients with a concussion and may predispose a patient to a prolonged recovery course and a later return to their daily activities. Studies have suggested that osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) may play a role in improving sleep quality. OBJECTIVE: To investigate how OMT may play a role in the management and overall healing process in patients with a concussion by improving sleep quality. METHODS: Data were collected from a randomized, controlled study on OMT and concussion (of which this study represents 1 arm) to investigate the effects of OMT vs concussion education counseling on sleep quality in student athletes with a concussion. Student athletes with no medical history of neurodegenerative disease who presented to the New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Academic Healthcare Center with a concussion following a sport-related injury were enrolled in the study. Participants received OMT intervention or standard counseling on how to care for a concussion during their first and second visits. Participants rated their symptoms, including sleep quality, on the validated scale Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition at 3 consecutive visits during 1 week. The mean sleep quality score within and between the OMT and education groups before each of 2 interventions and at the third visit were compared and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Thirty participants were enrolled in the study. Total symptom data showed a stronger, significant correlation with sleep scores than with other symptoms. Participants receiving OMT (n=16) reported overall 80% and 76% improvement in sleep quality from pre-OMT values to their second and third visits, respectively. Participants who had an educational intervention (n=14) reported a 36% and 46% improvement from pre-OMT values to their second and third visits, respectively. CONCLUSION: The beneficial relationship trend between OMT and sleep quality in patients with a concussion was not statistically significant. Owing to the limitations of this study, further research with a larger population and sham control participants is warranted. (clinicaltrials.gov No. NCT02750566).