Experiencia en el uso de insulina lispro durante el embarazo en mujeres con diabetes mellitus pregestacional / Use of insulin lispro during pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus

Fundamento y objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de los análogos de insulina en comparación con insulina humana en mujeres embarazadas con diabetes pregestacional. Pacientes y métodos: Se recogieron datos de las embarazadas con diabetes tipo 1 o 2 que fueron atendidas en la Unidad de Diabetes y Embarazo entre enero de 1998 y abril de 2008 (n=351). Doscientas cuarenta y una pacientes fueron tratadas con insulina regular y NPH, y 110 fueron tratadas con diferentes combinaciones de insulinas incluyendo un análogo de insulina (la mayoría con NPH y lispro). Resultados:No hubo diferencias en cuanto a malformaciones congénitas entre ambos grupos (3,3 y 3,6%). El grupo con análogo de insulina tuvo una HbA1c ligeramente más alta que el grupo con insulina humana durante el primer trimestre (6,9 [1,1]% vs 6,6 [1,0]%; p=0,022) y necesitó menor dosis de insulina durante todo el embarazo. La hipoglucemia grave fue significativamente menos frecuente entre las mujeres tratadas con un análogo de insulina rápida (2,3 vs 10,0%; p=0,025). La hipoglucemia neonatal fue significativamente más frecuente en dicho grupo (34,9 vs 23,6%; p=0,043) en relación con el uso concomitante de bomba de insulina. Otras variables obstétricas y neonatales no fueron diferentes entre ambos grupos (AU)

Background and objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of insulin analogues versus human insulin in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes. Patients and methods: We collected data on pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who were attended at the Diabetes and Pregnancy Unit between January 1998 and April 2008 (N=351). Two hundred and forty one patients were treated with regular insulin and NPH and 110 were treated with different combinations of insulins including an insulin analogue (most of them with NPH and lispro). Results:There was no significant difference in terms of congenital malformation rate between groups (3.3% and 3.6%). The group on insulin analogue had slightly higher mean HbA1c during the first trimester than the group on human insulin (6.6 [1.0]% vs 6.9 [1.1]%; P=0,022) and needed smaller insulin doses during whole pregnancy. Severe hypoglycaemia was significantly less frequent among women treated with a rapid insulin analogue (2.3 vs 10.0%; P=0,025). Neonatal hypoglycaemia was significantly more frequent in the group treated with a rapid insulin analogue (34.9 vs 23.6%; P=0.043) due to the concomitant use of an insulin pump. Other obstetric and neonatal variables were not different between the two groups. Conclusion: Our study shows that insulin analogues are safe during pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus. Overall, glycaemic control, maternal and foetal outcome were similar to those with human insulin. The main advantage with respect to human insulin was to importantly reduce maternal severe hypoglycaemia (AU)

Use of insulin lispro during pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of insulin analogues versus human insulin in pregnant women with pregestational diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We collected data on pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who were attended at the Diabetes and Pregnancy Unit between January 1998 and April 2008 (N=351). Two hundred and forty one patients were treated with regular insulin and NPH and 110 were treated with different combinations of insulins including an insulin analogue (most of them with NPH and lispro). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in terms of congenital malformation rate between groups (3.3% and 3.6%). The group on insulin analogue had slightly higher mean HbA1c during the first trimester than the group on human insulin (6.6 [1.0]% vs 6.9 [1.1]%; P=0,022) and needed smaller insulin doses during whole pregnancy. Severe hypoglycaemia was significantly less frequent among women treated with a rapid insulin analogue (2.3 vs 10.0%; P=0,025). Neonatal hypoglycaemia was significantly more frequent in the group treated with a rapid insulin analogue (34.9 vs 23.6%; P=0.043) due to the concomitant use of an insulin pump. Other obstetric and neonatal variables were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that insulin analogues are safe during pregnancy in women with pregestational diabetes mellitus. Overall, glycaemic control, maternal and foetal outcome were similar to those with human insulin. The main advantage with respect to human insulin was to importantly reduce maternal severe hypoglycaemia.

[Antipituitary antibodies in patients with suspected autoimmune hypophysitis]. / Anticuerpos antihipófisis en pacientes con sospecha de hipofisitis autoimmune.

INTRODUCTION: Definitive diagnosis of autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is histological. However, a presumptive diagnosis can be made through clinical, biochemical and imaging data. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the presence of antipituitary antibodies (APA) and antithyroid antibodies (ATA) in patients with suspected AH in order to determinate the utility of APA in the diagnosis of AH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 36 patients divided into seven groups according to the data suggesting AH (isolated corticotropin deficiency, other idiopathic pituitary deficiencies, idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, empty sella, sellar mass with thickened stalk, proven histological hypophysitis) or because of previous autoimmune endocrine diseases. Twenty-four controls without endocrinological disease were also included. In all subjects, APA were determined by immunofluorescence over primate pituitary gland and ATA by an agglutination technique. RESULTS: None of the controls and only 9 patients, all of them women, were APA-positive. Of the 9 APA-positive patients, 43% belonged to the group of patients with isolated ACTH deficiency. In 8 patients, APA were determined again during the follow-up; 6 remained APA-negative, but one patient became APA-positive and another became APA-negative. ATA were positive in 12 patients, 22.2% of whom were also APA-positive, and in one control. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of APA positivity among the study patients was low. These antibodies were found only in women, mostly with isolated corticotropin deficiency. APA and ATA coexisted in only 22% of the patients studied.

Anticuerpos antihipófisis en pacientes con sospecha de hipofisitis autoimmune / Antipituitary antibodies in patients with suspected autoimmune hypophysitis

Introducción El diagnóstico definitivo de la hipofisitis autoinmune es histológico; sin embargo, puede sospecharse en base a criterios clínicos, bioquímicos y radiológicos. Objetivo El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue revisar la presencia de anticuerpos antihipófisis (AAH) y anticuerpos antitiroideos en pacientes con sospecha de hipofisitis autoinmune por si la presencia de los primeros pudiera ayudar en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Material y métodos Estudiamos 36 pacientes divididos en 7 grupos por datos que hicieran sospechar una hipofisitis autoinmune (insuficiencia suprarrenal secundaria aislada, deficiencias hormonales sin causa justificada, hiperprolactinemia idiopática, silla turca vacía, masa selar con engrosamiento del tallo, confirmación histológica de hipofisitis) o por historia de autoinmunidad endocrina. Incluimos también 24 controles sin patología endocrina conocida. En todos se determinaron AAH mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta sobre sustrato de glándula pituitaria de primate y anticuerpos antitiroideos mediante técnica de aglutinación. Resultados Los AAH fueron positivos en 9 pacientes, todos ellos mujeres, y en ningún control, perteneciendo el 43% de los pacientes con AAH positivos al grupo de pacientes con insuficiencia suprarrenal aislada. En 8 pacientes se determinaron de nuevo AAH durante el seguimiento, en 6 se mantuvieron negativos, en una se positivizaron y en otra se hicieron negativos. Los anticuerpos antitiroideos fueron positivos en 12 pacientes, de los cuales el 22,2% también tenían AAH positivos y en un control. Conclusiones La prevalencia de AAH fue baja, siendo todos los casos mujeres y en su mayoría con insuficiencia suprarrenal secundaria aislada. Solo en el 22% de los pacientes estudiados coexistieron AAH y anticuerpos antitiroideos (AU)

Introduction Definitive diagnosis of autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is histological. However, a presumptive diagnosis can be made through clinical, biochemical and imaging data. Objective The objective of this study was to review the presence of antipituitary antibodies (APA) and antithyroid antibodies (ATA) in patients with suspected AH in order to determinate the utility of APA in the diagnosis of AH. Material and methods We studied 36 patients divided into seven groups according to the data suggesting AH (isolated corticotropin deficiency, other idiopathic pituitary deficiencies, idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, empty sella, sellar mass with thickened stalk, proven histological hypophysitis) or because of previous autoimmune endocrine diseases. Twenty-four controls without endocrinological disease were also included. In all subjects, APA were determined by immunofluorescence over primate pituitary gland and ATA by an agglutination technique. Results None of the controls and only 9 patients, all of them women, were APA-positive. Of the 9 APA-positive patients, 43% belonged to the group of patients with isolated ACTH deficiency. In 8 patients, APA were determined again during the follow-up; 6 remained APA-negative, but one patient became APA-positive and another became APA-negative. ATA were positive in 12 patients, 22.2% of whom were also APA-positive, and in one control. Conclusions The prevalence of APA positivity among the study patients was low. These antibodies were found only in women, mostly with isolated corticotropin deficiency. APA and ATA coexisted in only 22% of the patients studied (AU)