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1.
Brain Res ; 1205: 27-35, 2008 Apr 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18346716

RESUMO

We compared the abilities of cholecystokinin-33 (CCK-33) and CCK-8 to reduce food intake and to activate feeding-related areas of the nervous system. (1) Overnight food-deprived rats were presented with a 10% sucrose solution, and intake was measured at 5-min intervals throughout a 90-min test beginning immediately after intraperitoneal injections of 1, 3, or 5 nMol/kg of CCK-33, CCK-8, or the vehicle control. In the initial 20 min (first meal), both peptides were equally effective, producing large reductions of food intake. Thereafter, however, CCK-33 was more effective than CCK-8, producing much more sustained reductions. Overall, both peptides reduced total food intake, but CCK-33 was more effective than CCK-8. (2) Possible roles for the myenteric plexus of the duodenum and the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of the brainstem in the differential satiety effects of CCK-33 and CCK-8 were examined by quantifying CCK-33- and CCK-8-stimulated Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in each site. Consistent with the greater ability of CCK-33 to produce sustained inhibitions of food intake, CCK-33 produced more Fos-LI than CCK-8 in nearly every section of the sampled sites. The results demonstrate: (1) Different forms of CCK have different efficacies in reducing food intake; (2) CCK-33 produces a much more prolonged satiety action than CCK-8; and (3) the myenteric plexus and DVC may play roles in these differential satiety actions.


Assuntos
Depressores do Apetite/farmacologia , Colecistocinina/farmacologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Plexo Mientérico/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Nervo Vago/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Contagem de Células , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Núcleo Solitário/citologia , Núcleo Solitário/efeitos dos fármacos
2.
Drug Alcohol Rev ; 27(1): 39-45, 2008 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18034380

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Despite increasing HIV prevalence in cities along the Mexico--US border, HIV testing among high-risk populations remains low. We sought to identify barriers associated with HIV testing among injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, the two largest Mexican border cities located across from San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas, respectively. DESIGN AND METHODS: In 2005, 222 IDUs in Tijuana and 205 IDUs in Ciudad Juarez were recruited by respondent-driven sampling and administered a questionnaire to collect socio-demographic, behavioural and HIV testing history data. Blood samples were provided for serological testing of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis. RESULTS: Only 38% and 30% of respondents in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, respectively, had ever had an HIV test. The factors independently associated with never having been tested for HIV differed between the two sites, except for lack of knowledge on HIV transmission, which was independently associated in both locales. Importantly, 65% of those who had never been tested for HIV in both cities experienced at least one missed opportunity for voluntary testing, including medical visits, drug treatment and spending time in jail. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Among this high-risk IDU population we found HIV testing to be low, with voluntary testing in public and private settings utilised inadequately. These findings underscore the need to expand voluntary HIV education and testing and to integrate it into services and locales frequented by IDUs in these Mexico--US border cities.


Assuntos
Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Estudos Transversais , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Feminino , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Medição de Risco , Estudos de Amostragem , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/psicologia , Migrantes , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Urbana
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