The heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit bio-adjuvant linked to Newcastle disease virus recombinant hemagglutinin neuraminidase elicited a humoral immune response in animal model.

Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral infection primarily affecting poultry, leading to significant economic losses worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Given the severity of the disease and its impact on the poultry industry, there is an urgent need for a preventative approach to tackle this issue. Developing an efficient and effective vaccine is a valuable step toward reducing the burden of this virus. Consequently, investing in preventive measures, such as vaccination programs, is a top priority to mitigate the economic losses associated with Newcastle disease and protect the livelihoods of those relying on the poultry industry. Despite many vaccines against this viral disease, it still infects many wild and domestic birds worldwide. In this work, chimeric proteins, composed of the recombinant B subunit of Enterotoxigenic E. coli with one or two HN (Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase) subunits of NDV (LHN and LHN2, respectively), expressed using E.coli host. In-silico, in-vitro, and In-vivo procedures were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity of these proteins. The sera from immunized mice were analyzed using Western Blotting and ELISA. The LHN2 protein with an extra HN subunit elicited a higher antibody titer than the LHN protein (P<0.05). Both products could effectively elicit an immune response against NDV and can be considered a component of Newcastle disease vaccine candidates.

A Novel Multi-Epitope Edible Vaccine Candidate for Newcastle Disease Virus: In Silico Approach.

Background: Newcastle disease, is one of the most important illnesses in the aviculture industry which shows a constant threat. In this case, the vaccine could be considered an important solution to prevent and control this disease. So, the development of a new and more effective vaccine against Newcastle disease is an urgent need. Immune informatics is an important field that provides insight into the experimental procedure and could facilitate the analysis of large amounts of immunological data generated by experimental research and help to design a new vaccine candidate. Objectives: This study is aimed at bioinformatics to investigate and select the most immunogenic and conserved epitopes derived from F and HN glycoproteins, which play a key role in pathogenesis and immunity. This strategy could cover a wide range of Newcastle disease viruses. Materials and Method: For expression in both E. coli (as an injectable recombinant vaccine candidate) and maize plant (as an edible vaccine candidate) host, two constructs were designed and analyzed separately. Furthermore, the role of LTB as an effective bio-adjuvant for general eliciting of the immune system and simultaneous expressions with those two antigens was evaluated. Hence, here a multimeric recombinant protein with the abbreviation LHN2F from the highly immunogenic part of HN, F and LTB proteins were designed. The synthetic construct was analyzed based on different bioinformatics tools. Results: The proper immunogenicity and stability of this multimeric fusion protein have been shown by immunoinformatic methods from various servers. To confirm the function of the designed protein, the final molecule was docked to chicken MHC class I using the Pyrex-python 0.8 program. the results of Immune Epitope analysis were confirmed by the docking results between protein and receptor. Conclusions: The results of structural and immunological computational studies proposed that the protein deduced from this novel construct could act as a vaccine candidate for Newcastle disease virus control and prophylactic.