RESUMO
A prospective study was carried out to determine the relationship between weight gain in the second and third trimesters with the corresponding birth weights in Morogoro, Tanzania. A total of 270 pregnant women who gave birth to singleton deliveries and their consecutive newborns were randomly selected from among women who were attending one antenatal clinic. Average weight gains in second and third trimesters were 2.45 +/- 0.68 and 2.14 +/- 0.43 kg, respectively (a total of 4.59 +/- 1.11 kg) for the two trimesters. Weight gains per week were 0.47 +/- 0.16 and 0.33 +/- 0.13 kg for the second and third trimesters, respectively. Weight gain in the two trimesters was lower than the expected value for the same period. Results from Pearson correlation analysis found a positive correlation (P < 0.001) between birth weight and variables such as maternal age, gestational period, parity, weight gain in both second and third trimester, birth length and sex of an infant. Multiple regression analysis indicated that birth weight (dependent variable) was significantly affected by maternal weight gain in the third trimester, maternal age (both at P < 0.05) and birth length (P < 0.001). The incidence of low birth weight was about 8% and was significantly higher among infants of teenager mothers. It appears that despite of possibility of some physiological adaptations, which tend to protect the foetus when the woman is subjected to inadequate weight gain during pregnancy, weight gains in the second and third trimesters are important in determining the birth weight.
Assuntos
Peso ao Nascer , Aumento de Peso , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Idade Materna , Gravidez , Segundo Trimestre da Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , TanzâniaRESUMO
This study was undertaken to assess the nutritional status and feeding practices of < 5 year children among the pastoral communities of Simanjiro district, northern Tanzania. Face-to-face interviews with the sampled mothers were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements using weight-for-age criterion were employed to assess the nutritional status. The study showed that 31% of the children were undernourished, some (6%) of them severely. Children 2 - 3 years old were the most affected. Breastfeeding duration of more than one year was common among the mothers. Fifty-four percent of the mothers weaned their children as early as two months after birth. The most common type of weaning food was maize porridge (gruel) mixed with cow's milk (46%). Generally, 87% of households were facing some degree of food insecurity where some of them either experienced food shortage for 3-4 months (40%) or reported to eat less than three meals per day (75%). An educated mother was less likely to have an undernourished child, while a child from a teenage mother was more likely to be undernourished. Small size of a household was in favour of nutrition status. There is a great need to undertake interventions through community education to rescue the situation in Simanjiro district. Efforts should also be undertaken to mobilize the community members to adopt practices that favour good nutrition of children.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/epidemiologia , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Nutricional , Adulto , Antropometria , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/fisiopatologia , Pré-Escolar , Dieta , Escolaridade , Características da Família , Feminino , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Humanos , Lactente , Transtornos da Nutrição do Lactente/fisiopatologia , Recém-Nascido , Entrevistas como Assunto , Estado Civil , Idade Materna , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saúde da População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tanzânia/epidemiologia , DesmameRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine nutritional status, food habits and functional abilities of the institutionalised and non-institutionalised elderly. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population survey. SETTING: Free living and institutionalised elderly of Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. SUBJECTS: A total of 100 elderly people, fifty institutionalised and fifty non-institutionalised were included. Gender distribution was of equal numbers. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measurements of weights and heights were taken to enable calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI) of each subject. Questionnaires were used to collect information on types of foods, amount and frequency of consumption and functional abilities of the elderly. Amount of food consumed was expressed in grams per person per day. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p=0.001) in nutritional status between the institutionalised and the non- institutionalised males, but this relationship did not exist among the females. Similarly, 30% and 26% of the institutionalised males and females, respectively, and none of the non- institutionalised males was observed to be overweight. On the other hand, 39% and 23% of the non-institutionalised males and females, respectively, were underweight or malnourished. Consumption of sardines was higher (p=0.05) among the institutionalised subjects, but the situation was opposite for the case of fruits. Alcohol consumption was higher (p<0.05) among non- institutionalised subjects in both sexes. No difference was noted in consumption of beans, vegetables, cereals and meat. The most common functional disability was urinary incontinence (36%) while feeding (5%) was the least common. The most affected by urinary incontinence were institutionalised male subjects. CONCLUSION: There was a great variation between elderly people who are cared for in institutional centres and those who are cared for by their relatives in terms of nutritional status, reflected by their BMI levels. The institutionalised ones appear to be better off than their counterparts. However, this condition is not equally reflected in their eating habits. Generally, most of the elderly have poor or no source of income, which make them to have poor living conditions. They are also faced with problems of functional disabilities of which urinary incontinence was more common among males.
Assuntos
Atividades Cotidianas , Idoso/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Alimentar , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/estatística & dados numéricos , Habitação/estatística & dados numéricos , Institucionalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Nutricional , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Renda/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Tanzânia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status and practice of preventive health care (relative to curative) in the health delivery system at the time when the health sector reforms are taking place. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive study. SETTING: The study was conducted in Morogoro District between January and May 1999. SUBJECTS: Eighty six medical personnel and two hospital administrators from thirty four health facilities. The health facilities included twenty five dispensaries, five health centres and four hospitals. Care was also taken to include health facilities owned by various institutions and organisations, including governmental and non-governmental. RESULTS: Generally, preventive health received little attention compared to the curative health measures whereby more than 80% of the medical personnel in some of the facilities were assigned to curative services. Health personnel reported to spend an average of up to six hours per day providing curative services such as chemotherapy, surgical treatment, psychotherapy and radiography. On the contrary, they spent about four hours or less on providing child immunisation and education on nutrition, health and family planning. As expected, the type of ownership of a health facility influenced the extent to which preventive measures were included. For example, while all the government owned facilities did provide child immunisation, nutrition education and family planning services, some non-governmental facilities were lacking such services. CONCLUSION: It is obvious that while the provision of curative health care can be left to the hands of the private suppliers, that of preventive health care needs strong government involvement. It is suggested that deliberate efforts be taken to shift resources from curative to preventive measures. One way in which such a strategy can be attained is for the government to set, as a condition for private operators, a minimum level of preventive measures to be provided by every operator before a permit is issued. However, caution should be taken to ensure that such deliberations do not discourage investors in the health sector.
Assuntos
Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Setor de Assistência à Saúde/tendências , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/tendências , Estudos Transversais , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Planejamento em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Admissão e Escalonamento de Pessoal/estatística & dados numéricos , Alocação de Recursos , Tanzânia , Carga de TrabalhoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rates and level of awareness of obesity among people of different age groups in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive study. SUBJECTS: One hundred adults aged 19-50 years old and 40 pupils aged 14-18 years old. SETTING: Four educational institutions in Morogoro Municipality were included in the study. The four institutions included a primary and a secondary school, a teacher's training college and a university. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity among the sampled subjects in Morogoro Municipality was 25 %, whereby 15.7% had a Body Mass Index (BMI) of between 25 and 30, and 9.3% had a BMI of more than 30. Age and occupation of all the subjects, together with marital status of adult subjects, were significantly related with obesity status. Prevalence of obesity increased with the increased age whereby subjects in the 41-50 years had the highest rate (45.4%). Employed subjects had higher rate of obesity (22.2%) than pupils or students. Similarly, married adults had higher rate of obesity (27.8%) than the single ones (4.7%). Unlike the old age group (41-50 years), 70% of the youngest subjects were not aware about the harmful effects of obesity. On the other hand, more than two thirds of all the subjects could not associate excess body weight with chronic non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure and breathing problems. CONCLUSION: Results of the current study indicate that obesity is increasingly becoming a public health problem in Morogoro Municipality, and probably in many other places in Tanzania. There is need for more public awareness on the effect of obesity on people's health through information, education and communication. It would be of great importance if such interventions were introduced at early age of life, for example by inclusion in school curricula.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Tanzânia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the elderly's nutritional status, major health and socio-economic problems. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive study. SETTING: Hospitalised care, in Morogoro General Hospital, Morogoro, Tanzania. SUBJECTS: One hundred and twenty one elderly patients admitted in the hospital for various health problems between November 1998 and March 1999. RESULTS: Body Mass Index (BMI) ratios indicated that 26% of the subjects were suffering from Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) of varying grades. Fourteen percent had CED grade I, 10% CED grade II and two per cent had CED grade III. The study ranked cardiovascular disorders and respiratory tract diseases the most prevalent diseases (30% and 28% respectively). These were followed by malaria (15%). Cardiovascular diseases were more prevalent among women than men while the respiratory diseases were opposite. The general tradition that African elderly people do live with and are taken care by their children seems to hold no longer, as the majority of the subjects (80%) either live alone or with their spouses only, while 14% lived with their relatives (including their children). The majority of the elderly did not have any regular income, and they depended on other people for their living. CONCLUSION: As Tanzania undergoes demographic and economic transformations, the elderly are increasing while their welfare decreases. This has more effects on their health status. Old tradition of children living with their elderly is declining due to urbanisation, rural urban migration and the trend towards nuclear families. The government is urged to establish specific systems of taking care of this vulnerable group.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Estado Nutricional , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tanzânia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study examined breast feeding practices in Dunedin, and aimed to identify determinants of breast feeding in this population. Infants' records were used for a 10 year period (1974-83) from the Royal New Zealand Plunket Society. An upward trend in breast feeding prevalence was observed. Breast feeding was more common in mothers of high socioeconomic status (p less than 0.001), in those who were living with a spouse (p less than 0.001) and when mothers attended parental classes (p less than 0.025). First time mothers tended to breast feed for a shorter time (p less than 0.05). Early introduction of other foods shortened the duration of breast feeding (p less than 0.001). The increase in breast feeding which has occurred in many parts of the western world was also found in Dunedin.