Diverse role, structural trends, and applications of fluorinated sulphonamide compounds in agrochemical and pharmaceutical fields.

Our knowledge of fluorine's unique and complex properties has significantly increased over the past 20 years. Consequently, more sophisticated and innovative techniques have emerged to incorporate this feature into the design of potential drug candidates. In recent years, researchers have become interested in synthesizing fluoro-sulphonamide compounds to discover new chemical entities with distinct and unexpected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. The fluorinated sulphonamide molecules have shown significant biomedical importance. Their potential is not limited to biomedical applications but also includes crop protection. The discovery of novel fluorine and Sulfur compounds has highlighted their importance in the chemical sector, particularly in the agrochemical and medicinal fields. Recently, several fluorinated sulphonamide derivatives have been developed and frequently used by agriculturalists to produce food for the growing global population. These molecules have also exhibited their potential in health by inhibiting various human diseases. In today's world, it is crucial to have a steady supply of innovative pharmaceutical and agrochemical molecules that are highly effective, less harmful to the environment, and affordable. This review summarizes the available information on the activity of Fluorine and Sulphonamide compounds, which have proven active in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals with excellent environmental and human health approaches. Moreover, it focuses on the current literature on the chemical structures, the application of fluorinated sulphonamide compounds against various pathological conditions, and their effectiveness in crop protection.

Molecularly imprinted Ag2S quantum dots with high photocatalytic activity for dye removal: Experimental and DFT insights.

Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) were developed by carrying out the cocktail solution of Template ((Salata, 2004)-Gingerol), monomer, crosslinker, and Ag2S Quantum Dots (QDs) by ex-situ dissolved in an appropriate solvent, resulting in an efficient crosslinked polymer composite. Degradation of Alizarin red S (ARS) dye and yellowish sunset (SY) azo dye under visible light irradiation was reported first time by the introduction of prepared MIPs composite. In this research, the result shows efficient photocatalyt activity of Ag2S-MIPs composite for the degradation of AR and SY dye with degradation% (80%) and (84%) in the aqueous wastewater. The degradation efficiency of the Ag2S-MIPs composite and the Ag2S QD associated with non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) (i.e.Ag2S-NIPs composite) were calculated by using different parameters such as catalyst dose, pH value, optimum time and concentration variation and the observations are evocative. Moreover, the density functional theory (DFT) approach was also used to analyze the structural, stability/energetics, and electronic features of the organic-inorganic hybrid composites of the Ag2S QD with the MIPs based on (Salata, 2004)-gingerol extract. The proposed QD and MIPs (EGDMA and (Salata, 2004)-Gingerol) composite model has been detected to be the most stable because it shows the largest binding energy (BE) among the three chosen composite models. It was found out that imprinted polymers were superior in enhancing the degradation of dyes when compared to non imprinted polymers. Introducing MIPs into the valence band accelerates the catalysis properties to stabilize newly fashioned excitons that are basically generated as a result of light excitation in presence of Ag2S Quantum Dots (QDs) and molecular imprinted polymer (MIPs). Motivation behind this work is to address the challenges related to environmental pollution causing by organic dyes. These toxins are known to cause diverse symptoms (e.g., skin irritation, eye infection, respiratory disorders, and even cancer) once exposed through ingestion and inhalation. Through incorporation of Ag2S QD into MIP,the purpose of this research is to enhance the selectivity, specificity and photocatalytic activity for dyes and that work holds a potential towards environmental remediation by developing a cost effective and sustainable method for controlling pollution in water.

Insights into properties, synthesis and emerging applications of polypyrrole-based composites, and future prospective: A review.

Recent advancements in polymer science and engineering underscore the importance of creating sophisticated soft materials characterized by well-defined structures and adaptable properties to meet the demands of emerging applications. The primary objective of polymeric composite technology is to enhance the functional utility of materials for high-end purposes. Both the inherent qualities of the materials and the intricacies of the synthesis process play pivotal roles in advancing their properties and expanding their potential applications. Polypyrrole (PPy)-based composites, owing to their distinctive properties, hold great appeal for a variety of applications. Despite the limitations of PPy in its pure form, these constraints can be effectively overcome through hybridization with other materials. This comprehensive review thoroughly explores the existing literature on PPy and PPy-based composites, providing in-depth insights into their synthesis, properties, and applications. Special attention is given to the advantages of intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and PPy in comparison to other ICPs. The impact of doping anions, additives, and oxidants on the properties of PPy is also thoroughly examined. By delving into these aspects, this overview aims to inspire researchers to delve into the realm of PPy-based composites, encouraging them to explore new avenues for flexible technology applications.

Unveiling green corrosion inhibitor of Aloe vera extracts for API 5L steel in seawater environment.

This study evaluated Aloe vera extract as a green inhibitor to prevent corrosion in seawater environments. A. vera extract was produced by maceration with methanol-water at room temperature. Electrochemical techniques were used to evaluate the corrosion inhibitor effectiveness of the A. vera extract. The morphology of the corrosion products was analyzed by FE-SEM equipped with EDS and AFM. FT-IR and LCMS characterized the functional and structural groups in this extract. The electrochemical measurements show that A. vera extract could effectively reduce the corrosion of API 5L steel in seawater environments. Inhibition efficiency (IE) increases with increasing concentration. Optimal corrosion inhibition efficiency of around 83.75% (PDP) and 88.60% (EIS) was obtained by adding 300 mg L-1 of extract at 310 K. Furthermore, the higher the concentration of A. vera extract, the greater the activation energy (Ea), with the highest activation energy being 48.24 kJ mol-1 for the concentration of 300 mg L-1. Conversely, increasing the temperature and exposure duration reduces the corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) values; the best exposure period was 30 min with 88.34% IE by a concentration of 300 mg L-1 at 300 K. This corrosion inhibition is achieved by the adsorption process of A. vera bioactive on metal surfaces with a mixed inhibitor through a physisorption-chemisorption mechanism. This finding was confirmed by the smoother surface morphology of the steel treated with A. vera extract than without. This unveiling investigation found that A. vera extract has the potential to be an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor in the seawater environment.

Prediction of CO2 solubility in Ionic liquids for CO2 capture using deep learning models.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are highly effective for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2). The prediction of CO2 solubility in ILs is crucial for optimizing CO2 capture processes. This study investigates the use of deep learning models for CO2 solubility prediction in ILs with a comprehensive dataset of 10,116 CO2 solubility data in 164 kinds of ILs under different temperature and pressure conditions. Deep neural network models, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), were developed to predict CO2 solubility in ILs. The ANN and LSTM models demonstrated robust test accuracy in predicting CO2 solubility, with coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.986 and 0.985, respectively. Both model's computational efficiency and cost were investigated, and the ANN model achieved reliable accuracy with a significantly lower computational time (approximately 30 times faster) than the LSTM model. A global sensitivity analysis (GSA) was performed to assess the influence of process parameters and associated functional groups on CO2 solubility. The sensitivity analysis results provided insights into the relative importance of input attributes on output variables (CO2 solubility) in ILs. The findings highlight the significant potential of deep learning models for streamlining the screening process of ILs for CO2 capture applications.

A state-of-the-art review of metal oxide nanoflowers for wastewater treatment: Dye removal.

Dye wastewater consists of high solids concentrations, heavy metals, minor contaminants, dissolved chemical oxygen demand, and microorganisms. Nanoflowers are nanoparticles that resemble flowers when viewed at a microscopic level. Inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers have been discovered to be a potential source for overcoming this situation. Their flower-like features give them a higher surface area to volume ratio and porosity structure, which can absorb a significant amount of dye. The metal oxide nanoflower synthesized from different synthesis methods is used to compare which one is cost-effective and capable of generating a large scale of nanoflower. This review has demonstrated outstanding dye removal efficiency by applying inorganic nanoflowers to dye removal. Since both adsorption and photocatalytic reactions enhance the dye degradation process, complete dye degradation could be achieved. Meanwhile, the inorganic metal oxide nanoflowers' exemplary reusability characteristics with negligible performance drop further prove that this approach is highly sustainable and may help to save costs. This review has proven the momentum of obtaining high dye removal efficiency in wastewater treatment to conclude that the metal oxide nanoflower study is worth researching.

Holistic insight mechanism of ozone-based oxidation process for wastewater treatment.

The world is facing water crises because freshwater scarcity has become a global issue due to rapid population growth, resulting in the need for more industries, agriculture, and domestic sectors. Therefore, it is challenging for scientists and environmental engineers to treat wastewater with cost-effective treatment techniques. As compared to conventional processes (physical, chemical, and biological), advanced oxidation processes (AOP) play an essential role in the removal of wastewater contaminants, with the help of a powerful hydroxyl (OH•) through oxidation reactions. This review study investigates the critical role of O3-based Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in tackling the complex difficulties of wastewater treatment. Effective treatment methods are critical, with wastewater originating from various sources, including industrial activity, pharmaceutical manufacturing, agriculture, and a wide range of toxins. O3-based AOPs appear to be powerful therapies capable of degrading a wide range of pollutants, including stubborn organics, medicines, and pesticides, reducing environmental and human health risks. This review sheds light on their efficacy in wastewater treatment by explaining the underlying reaction mechanisms and applications of several O3-based AOP processes, such as O3, O3/UV, and O3/H2O2. Ozone, a powerful oxidizing agent, stimulates the breakdown of complex chemical molecules by oxidation processes, which are aided further by synergistic combinations with ultraviolet (UV) radiation or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Notably, while ozonation alone may not always produce the best outcomes, it acts as an essential pretreatment step prior to traditional treatments, increasing total treatment efficiency. Furthermore, O3-based AOPs' transformational capacity to convert organic chemicals into simpler, more stable inorganic forms with little sludge creation emphasizes its sustainability and environmental benefits. This study sheds light on the processes, uses, and benefits of O3-based AOPs, presenting practical solutions for sustainable water management and environmental protection. It is a valuable resource for academics, engineers, and politicians looking for new ways to combat wastewater contamination and protect water resources.

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.

The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacterial strains and biofilm-associated diseases have heightened concerns about exploring alternative bactericidal methods. The WHO estimates that at least 700 000 deaths yearly are attributable to antimicrobial resistance, and that number could increase to 10 million annual deaths by 2050 if appropriate measures are not taken. Therefore, the increasing threat of AR bacteria and biofilm-related infections has created an urgent demand for scientific research to identify novel antimicrobial therapies. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique physicochemical properties, and ongoing research holds great promise for developing effective NMs-based treatments for bacterial and viral infections. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of NMs based mechanisms combat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by acquired antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this review examines NMs design features and attributes that can be optimized to enhance their efficacy as antimicrobial agents. In addition, plant-based NMs have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections due to their reduced toxicity compared to other NMs. The potential of plant mediated NMs for preventing AR is also discussed. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding the properties and mechanisms of NMs for the development of effective strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Advanced oxidation and biological integrated processes for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment: A review.

The stress of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) discharging to water bodies and the environment due to increased industrialization has reduced the availability of clean water. This poses a potential health hazard to animals and human life because water contamination is a great issue to the climate, plants, humans, and aquatic habitats. Pharmaceutical compounds are quantified in concentrations ranging from ng/Lto µg/L in aquatic environments worldwide. According to (Alsubih et al., 2022), the concentrations of carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, Lutvastatin, ciprofloxacin, and lorazepam were 616-906 ng/L, 16,532-21635 ng/L, 694-2068 ng/L, 734-1178 ng/L, and 2742-3775 ng/L respectively. Protecting and preserving our environment must be well-driven by all sectors to sustain development. Various methods have been utilized to eliminate the emerging pollutants, such as adsorption and biological and advanced oxidation processes. These methods have their benefits and drawbacks in the removal of pharmaceuticals. Successful wastewater treatment can save the water bodies; integrating green initiatives into the main purposes of actor firms, combined with continually periodic awareness of the current and potential implications of environmental/water pollution, will play a major role in water conservation. This article reviews key publications on the adsorption, biological, and advanced oxidation processes used to remove pharmaceutical products from the aquatic environment. It also sheds light on the pharmaceutical adsorption capability of adsorption, biological and advanced oxidation methods, and their efficacy in pharmaceutical concentration removal. A research gap has been identified for researchers to explore in order to eliminate the problem associated with pharmaceutical wastes. Therefore, future study should focus on combining advanced oxidation and adsorption processes for an excellent way to eliminate pharmaceutical products, even at low concentrations. Biological processes should focus on ideal circumstances and microbial processes that enable the simultaneous removal of pharmaceutical compounds and the effects of diverse environments on removal efficiency.

Production of hydrogen using plastic waste via Aspen Hysys simulation.

Plastic waste is being manufactured for the production of hydrogen. The amount of plastic waste collected annually is 189,953 tonnes from adjacent nations like Indonesia and Malaysia. Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polystyrene (PS) are the five most prevalent forms of plastic found in most waste. Pyrolysis, water gas shift and steam reforming reaction, and pressure swing adsorption are the three main phases utilized and studied. In this research, authors examines the energy consumption on every stage. The plastic waste can be utilized to manufacture many hydrocarbons using the pyrolysis reaction. For this process, fast pyrolysis is being used at a temperature of 500 °C. A neutralization process is also needed due to the presence of Hydrochloric acid from the pyrolysis reaction, with the addition of sodium hydroxide. This is being carried to prevent any damage to the reactor during the process. Secondly, the steam reforming process continues after the water gas shift reaction has produced steam and carbon monoxide, followed by carbon dioxide and hydrogen formation. Lastly, pressure swing adsorption is designed to extract H2S and CO2 from the water gas shift and steam reforming reaction for greater purity of hydrogen. From the simulation study, it is observed that using various types of plastic waste procured (total input of 20,000 kg per hour of plastics) from, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Indonesia, can produce about 340,000 tons of Hydrogen per year. Additionally, the annual profit of the Hydrogen production is estimated to be between $ 271,158,100 and $ 358,480,200. As per the economic analysis, it can be said that its a good to start hydrogen production plant in these regions.

Exploring the impact of defect energy levels in CdTe/Si dual-junction solar cells using wxAMPS.

A numerical analysis of a CdTe/Si dual-junction solar cell in terms of defect density introduced at various defect energy levels in the absorber layer is provided. The impact of defect concentration is analyzed against the thickness of the CdTe layer, and variation of the top and bottom cell bandgaps is studied. The results show that CdTe thin film with defects density between 1014 and 1015 cm-3 is acceptable for the top cell of the designed dual-junction solar cell. The variations of the defect concentrations against the thickness of the CdTe layer indicate that the open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, and efficiency (ƞ) are more affected by the defect density at higher CdTe thickness. In contrast, the Fill factor is mainly affected by the defect density, regardless of the thin film's thickness. An acceptable defect density of up to 1015 cm-3 at a CdTe thickness of 300 nm was obtained from this work. The bandgap variation shows optimal results for a CdTe with bandgaps ranging from 1.45 to 1.7 eV in tandem with a Si bandgap of about 1.1 eV. This study highlights the significance of tailoring defect density at different energy levels to realize viable CdTe/Si dual junction tandem solar cells. It also demonstrates how the impact of defect concentration changes with the thickness of the solar cell absorber layer.

Insights into kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms of chemically activated sunflower stem biochar for removal of phenol and bisphenol-A from wastewater.

This study synthesized a highly efficient KOH-treated sunflower stem activated carbon (KOH-SSAC) using a two-step pyrolysis process and chemical activation using KOH. The resulting material exhibited exceptional properties, such as a high specific surface area (452 m2/g) and excellent adsorption capacities for phenol (333.03 mg/g) and bisphenol A (BPA) (365.81 mg/g). The adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic, benefiting from the synergistic effects of hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, and stacking interactions. Comparative analysis also showed that KOH-SSAC performed approximately twice as well as sunflower stem biochar (SSB), indicating its potential for water treatment and pollutant removal applications. The study suggests the exploration of optimization strategies to further enhance the efficiency of KOH-SSAC in large-scale scenarios. These findings contribute to the development of improved materials for efficient water treatment and pollution control.

Bo-derived waste neem to enriching reinforced hybrid composite for environmental remediation.

The utilization of natural fibres often entails a lesser environmental impact when compared to synthetic fibres. Biodegradable natural fibres minimize waste and pollution, and promote sustainability, but their weaker bonds limit their resilience. These issues can be addressed by customizing the composite's mechanical properties with natural and synthetic fibres. In this study, hybrid composites were created using the hand layup method with a novel dissimilar layer arrangement of neem (N), sisal (S), and glass (G) fibre and analyze its mechanical and thermal properties. Experimental observation shows that the GN composite had a higher maximum ultimate tensile strength of 26 N/mm2 than the GS, GNS, and GSN composites. The GN composite had a percentage elongation of 6.33%, similar to the percentage elongation of the GS composite (6.833%), and it also had a higher ultimate shear strength of 50 MPa. The composite GS absorbed 6.6 J energy, higher than the composites GN, GNS, and GNS, which absorbed 6.1 J, 4.5 J, and 4.5 J, respectively. The fractured surface's SEM images were obtained and analyzed for failure. The results demonstrated that the hybridization was effective, and better properties can be obtained by combining neem, sisal, and glass fiber, and it can be used for other requirements, including strength, weight, cost, and ecological impact.

New insights in food security and environmental sustainability through waste food management.

Food waste has been identified as one of the major factors that constitute numerous anthropogenic activities, especially in developing countries. There is a growing problem with food waste that affects every part of the waste management system, from collection to disposal; finding long-term solutions necessitates involving all participants in the food supply chain, from farmers and manufacturers to distributors and consumers. In addition to food waste management, maintaining food sustainability and security globally is crucial so that every individual, household, and nation can always get food. "End hunger, achieve food security and enhanced nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture" are among the main challenges of global sustainable development (SDG) goal 2. Therefore, sustainable food waste management technology is needed. Recent attention has been focused on global food loss and waste. One-third of food produced for human use is wasted every year. Source reduction (i.e., limiting food losses and waste) and contemporary treatment technologies appear to be the most promising strategy for converting food waste into safe, nutritious, value-added feed products and achieving sustainability. Food waste is also employed in industrial processes for the production of biofuels or biopolymers. Biofuels mitigate the detrimental effects of fossil fuels. Identifying crop-producing zones, bioenergy cultivars, and management practices will enhance the natural environment and sustainable biochemical process. Traditional food waste reduction strategies are ineffective in lowering GHG emissions and food waste treatment. The main contribution of this study is an inventory of the theoretical and practical methods of prevention and minimization of food waste and losses. It identifies the trade-offs for food safety, sustainability, and security. Moreover, it investigates the impact of COVID-19 on food waste behavior.

Rapid adsorptive removal of eosin yellow and methyl orange using zeolite Y.

In this study, zeolite Y was synthesised using a novel method. The heat generated from the reaction of H2SO4 with metakaolin was used as a heat source instead of applying external heat for the dealuminated process. The synthesised zeolite Y produced was analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Zeolite Y synthesis was mesoporous because of its pore diameter (30.53 nm), as shown in the BET results. Surface area and pore size decrease after adsorption due to dye deposition on the adsorbent's surface. FTIR has bonds like O-H, C-H, -CH3, and -COOH responsible for adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of eosin yellow (EY) and methyl orange (MO) on to zeolite Y by the Langmuir isotherm was 52.91 mg/g and 20.62 mg/g respectively, at pH 2.5 and 8 for EY and MO dye. The batch adsorption studies were conducted, and the influence of different parameters (i.e., adsorbent dose, adsorption time, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature) was investigated. Experimental data were analysed by two linear model equations (Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms), and it was found that the Langmuir isotherm model best describes the adsorption data for methyl orange and Freundlich isotherm for eosin yellow, respectively. Adsorption rate constants were determined using linear pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. The results showed that MO and EY dye adsorption onto zeolite Y followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies show that adsorption was an exothermic reaction (enthalpy < 0) and feasible ([Formula: see text]) at various temperatures under investigation.

Insights into isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of adsorption of acid blue 113 from an aqueous solution of nutraceutical industrial fennel seed spent.

Research studies have been carried out to accentuate Fennel Seed Spent, a by-product of the Nutraceutical Industry, as an inexpensive, recyclable and operational biosorbent for bioremediation of Acid Blue 113 (AB113) in simulated water-dye samples and textile industrial effluent (TIE). The physical process of adhesion of AB113 on the surface of the biosorbent depends on various parameters, such as the initial amount of the dye, amount and expanse of the biosorbent particles, pH of the solution and temperature of the medium. The data obtained was analyzed using three two-parameter and five three-parameter adsorption isotherm models to glean the adsorbent affinities and interaction mechanism of the adsorbate molecules and adsorbent surface. The adsorption feature study is conducted employing models of Weber-Morris, pseudo 1st and 2nd order, diffusion film model, Dumwald-Wagner and Avrami model. The study through 2nd order pseudo and Avrami models produced complementary results for the authentication of experimental data. The thermodynamic features, ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0 of the adsorption process are acclaimed to be almost spontaneous, physical in nature and endothermic in their manifestation. Surface characterization was carried out using Scanner Electron Microscopy, and identification and determination of chemical species and molecular structure was performed using Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). Maximum adsorption evaluated using statistical optimization with different combinations of five independent variables to study the individual as well as combined effects by Fractional Factorial Experimental Design (FFED) was 236.18 mg g-1 under optimized conditions; pH of 2, adsorbent dosage of 0.500 g L-1, and an initial dye concentration of 209.47 mg L-1 for an adsorption time of 126.62 min with orbital shaking of 165 rpm at temperature 49.95 °C.

Experimental and numerical assessment of the flexural response of banana fiber sandwich epoxy composite.

Recently, most service or product-oriented industries have been focusing on their activities to uphold the green and sustainable environment protocol owing to the increased environmental pollution. Concerning this issue, industries are now concentrating on developing recyclable or waste materials products. This research advocates developing and validating a banana fiber sandwich composite to promote the beneficial usage of bio-waste. The composite sandwich specimens were fabricated with resin-impregnated woven banana fiber mat as a skin, and the core was reinforced with three different weight percentages (5, 7.5 and 10%) of chopped banana fiber. The sandwich specimens were pressed into a three-point bending test to validate the structural integrity. The flexural characteristics like flexural strength and modulus were examined experimentally, whereas the key strength indices like flexural stiffness and core shear modulus were evaluated analytically. Post-fracture surfaces were studied through a scanning electron microscope to investigate the failure mechanism. The experimental and analytical results indicate that 10% banana fiber content in the sandwich core increases the flexural strength and flexural modulus to 225% and 147%, respectively, compared to the neat epoxy core. The numerical simulation was also performed through FEA to validate the experimental findings. The numerical results are in good concurrence with the experimental one.

Sustainable approach for catalytic green epoxidation of oleic acid with applied ion exchange resin.

Epoxides were primarily derived from petroleum-based sources. However, there has been limited research on optimizing the process parameters for epoxidized palm oil-derived oleic acid, resulting in its underutilization. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the catalytic epoxidation of palm oleic acid concerning the oxirane content by applying ion exchange resin as a catalyst. Epoxidized oleic acid was produced using in-situ-formed performic acid by combining formic acid as the oxygen carrier with hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen donor. The findings revealed that the optimal reaction conditions for producing epoxidized oleic acid with the highest oxirane content were an Amberlite IR-120 catalyst loading of 0.9 g, a molar ratio of formic acid to oleic acid of 1:1., and a molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to oleic acid of 1:1.1. By employing these optimal conditions, the maximum relative conversion of palm oleic acid to oxirane was achieved at 85%. The reaction rate constants (k) based on the optimized epoxidized oleic acid are determined as follows: k11 = 20 mol L-1 min-1, k12 = 2 mol L-1 min-1, and k2 = 20 mol L-1 min-1. The findings validated the kinetic model by showing good agreement between the simulation and experimental data.

A state-of-art-review on emerging contaminants: Environmental chemistry, health effect, and modern treatment methods.

Pollution problems are increasingly becoming e a priority issue from both scientific and technological points of view. The dispersion and frequency of pollutants in the environment are on the rise, leading to the emergence have been increasing, including of a new class of contaminants that not only impact the environment but also pose risks to people's health. Therefore, developing new methods for identifying and quantifying these pollutants classified as emerging contaminants is imperative. These methods enable regulatory actions that effectively minimize their adverse effects to take steps to regulate and reduce their impact. On the other hand, these new contaminants represent a challenge for current technologies to be adapted to control and remove emerging contaminants and involve innovative, eco-friendly, and sustainable remediation technologies. There is a vast amount of information collected in this review on emerging pollutants, comparing the identification and quantification methods, the technologies applied for their control and remediation, and the policies and regulations necessary for their operation and application. In addition, This review will deal with different aspects of emerging contaminants, their origin, nature, detection, and treatment concerning water and wastewater.