Prevalence of hyperglycemia and risk factors for orodental disease in Nigeria: Implications of opportunistic screening.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with complications and orodental disease. Whether screening for DM during orodental health visits is a potential option is yet to be established in Nigeria. This study aims at assessing the prevalence of hyperglycemia in orodental disease as a clinical scenario to capitalize for opportunistic screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was undertaken in Catholic Hospital Abbi for Ndokwa communities and dental clinic of Eku Baptist Government Hospital, all in Nigeria. However, 474 individuals (433 community-based and 41 dental clinic-based) including 10 orodental cases were screened for hyperglycemia and waist-hip circumference indices. Blood lipid profiles were also performed. Based on fasting blood glucose levels, participants were grouped into non-diabetic (n = 172), prediabetic (n = 168), and diabetic (n = 78). A World Health Organization questionnaire on oral health was used to collect information on orodental disease risk factors. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS 22 statistical package. RESULTS: In the community-based cohort, the prevalence of hyperglycemia was 56.8%, including 38.8% prediabetes and 18.0% undiagnosed DM (UDM). In the dental-based group, 63.4% were hyperglycemic including 53.7% prediabetes and 9.7% UDM. There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the ages of the participants in relation to glycemic status, with 17-29 years having the highest prevalence of UDM. However, 42.5% of the community-based clients had indication(s) of orodental disease. CONCLUSION: This is probably the first study to highlight higher prevalence of hyperglycemia from screening at a dental setting compared to general clinic. Opportunistic screening of DM in dental settings may be an option to consider during clients' orodental health visits.

Prediabetes and cardiovascular complications screening in Nigeria: A family case presentation.

Metabolic disorders are on the increase globally, and the need for screening remains imperative. This case report is of a 48-year-old man who was screened as dyslipidaemic and on metabolic syndrome prevention, precipitating screening of family relatives. The extended family members (N=11) were invited for screening, of which 4 were hyperglycaemic, 3 had hypercholesterolaemia; and the HDL levels of 6 participants were abnormal. All family members had normal plasma triglyceride levels, and 4 people had high blood pressure. There was an indication that 55% members of a family had up to two metabolic disorders or risk factors including dyslipidaemia that may predispose them to CVD; as well as family history of periodontitis in the family. This pilot study plans to follow-up its association with dyslipidaemia as well as with prediabetes. The feasibility of using simple and affordable screening test for diabetes in oral health clinics and vice versa, including review of observations of technical importance relevant to pathology logistics will be investigated.

Co-morbidity of Diabetes Mellitus and Orodental Diseases in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Although several epidemiological studies have reported an association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and orodental health. However, the occurrence of the co-morbidity of both diseases has been more of suspicion than evidence-based. DM is a serious public health concern globally, and in Nigeria. Studies have separately documented the prevalence of DM and orodental diseases, but data lack to adequately rationalise co-morbidity of both diseases. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to report evidence of co-morbidity of DM and orodental diseases in Nigeria. METHOD: Data published between December, 1970 and June, 2015 were used in writing the review. These data were collated from electronic literature archives and databases. RESULT: This review suggests evidence of the association of DM and orodental diseases. It revealed that both diseases are densely distributed in South-East, South-South and South-West geopolitical zones of Nigeria, and sparsely spread across other regions of the country. CONCLUSION: Co-morbidity of both diseases holds promise that will favour public health practice, especially in Nigeria. It is hoped that the association may lead to the establishment of a cost-effective DM screening protocol in Nigeria. Again, screening of DM in dentistries and vice versa may be possible through the relationship of both diseases. It is recommended that the driving force of the co-morbidity be investigated.