Early perinatal outcomes of babies born to adolescent mothers at two maternity hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia.

Background: Adolescent motherhood remains a major problem in developing countries. We set out to describe the perinatal outcomes of infants born to adolescent mothers and to determine factors associated with birth asphyxia among these infants in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved adolescent mothers who presented in labor. Sociodemographic and medical data was collected and mother-infant pairs were followed up at 24hrs. Poor perinatal outcomes were: low birth weight, birth asphyxia, death or hospitalization after 24 hours. Data was entered into Epi data 3.1 and analysed using STATA version 12.0. Results: Of the 270 adolescents, mean age was 17.7 years (±1.19), 89% were married, 94% were unemployed and 54% had not received formal education. Of the 270 babies born, 70 (25.9%) had poor perinatal outcomes which included; 35 (12.9%) died; of whom 30 (11.1%) were stillbirths. Thirty-two infants (13.3%) had birth asphyxia and 18 (6.7%) had low birth weight. Prolonged labor (p-value=<0.001) and preterm birth (p-value=0.023) were significantly associated with birth asphyxia while living in Mogadishu was protective (p- value=0.018). Conclusions: About one in four adolescent mother's babies had poor perinatal outcomes. Prolonged labor and preterm delivery and were associated with birth asphyxia while residing closer to the facilities was protective.

Burden and factors associated with clinical neonatal sepsis in urban Uganda: a community cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal sepsis is one of the most important causes of mortality in developing countries and yet the most preventable. In developing countries clinical algorithms are used to diagnose clinical neonatal sepsis because of inadequate microbiological services. Most information on incidence and risk factors of neonatal sepsis are from hospital studies which may not be generalized to communities where a significant proportion of mothers do not deliver from health facilities. This study, conducted in urban Uganda, sought to determine the community based incidence of clinical neonatal sepsis and the factors associated. METHODS: This was a cohort of mother-neonate pairs in Kampala, Uganda from March to May 2012. The enrolled neonates were assessed for clinical sepsis and factors associated, and followed up till the end of the neonatal period. STATA version 10 was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: The community based incidence of neonatal sepsis was 11% (95% CI: 7.6-14.4). On bivariate analysis, lack of financial support from the father (OR 4.09, 95% CI 1.60-10.39) and prolonged rupture of membranes more than 18 h prior to delivery (OR 11.7, 95% CI 4.0-31.83) were significantly associated with neonatal sepsis. Maternal hand washing prior to handling the baby was found to be protective of neonatal sepsis (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.18-0.94). Of the 317 infants who completed the follow up period, one died within the neonatal period giving a neonatal mortality of 0.003%. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of clinical neonatal sepsis in this urban community with high rates of antenatal care attendance and health facility delivery places a demand on the need to improve the quality of antenatal, perinatal and postnatal care in health facilities with regards to infection prevention including promoting simple practices like hand washing. The astoundingly low mortality rate is most likely because this was a low risk cohort. However it may also suggest that the neonatal mortality in developing countries may be reduced with promotion of simple low cost interventions like community follow up of neonates using village health teams or domiciliary care.

Poor birth weight recovery among low birth weight/preterm infants following hospital discharge in Kampala, Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Healthy infants typically regain their birth weight by 21 days of age; however, failure to do so may be due to medical, nutritional or environmental factors. Globally, the incidence of low birth weight deliveries is high, but few studies have assessed the postnatal weight changes in this category of infants, especially in Africa. The aim was to determine what proportion of LBW infants had not regained their birth weight by 21 days of age after discharge from the Special Care Unit of Mulago hospital, Kampala. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted assessing weight recovery of 235 LBW infants attending the Kangaroo Clinic in the Special Care Unit of Mulago Hospital between January and April 2010. Infants aged 21 days with a documented birth weight and whose mothers gave consent to participate were included in the study. Baseline information was collected on demographic characteristics, history on pregnancy, delivery and postnatal outcome through interviews. Pertinent infant information like gestation age, diagnosis and management was obtained from the medical records and summarized in the case report forms. RESULTS: Of the 235 LBW infants, 113 (48.1%) had not regained their birth weight by 21 days. Duration of hospitalization for more than 7 days (AOR: 4.2; 95% CI: 2.3 - 7.6; p value < 0.001) and initiation of the first feed after 48 hours (AOR: 1.9; 95% CI 1.1 - 3.4 p value 0.034) were independently associated with failure to regain birth weight. Maternal factors and the infant's physical examination findings were not significantly associated with failure to regain birth weight by 21 days of age. CONCLUSION: Failure to regain birth weight among LBW infants by 21 days of age is a common problem in Mulago Hospital occurring in almost half of the neonates attending the Kangaroo clinic. Currently, the burden of morbidity in this group of high-risk infants is undetected and unaddressed in many developing countries. Measures for consideration to improve care of these infants would include; discharge after regaining birth weight and use of total parenteral nutrition. However, due to the pressure of space, keeping the baby and mother is not feasible at the moment hence the need for a strong community system to boost care of the infant. Close networking with support groups within the child's environment could help alleviate this problem.