Case report on Irritational Fibroma.

Traumatic or irritation fibroma is the healed end product of the inflammatory hyperplastic lesion, which can occur at any age from almost any softtissue site, tongue, gingiva, and buccal mucosa being the most common. It is usually characterized by a slow, painless growth accumulated over a period of months or years.

Efficacy of Cucurmin and Aloevera Extracts Gel as Local Drugs Delivery Agents.

Introduction: The usage of antimicrobials as local drug delivery (LDD) agents in the treatment of periodontitis has posed limitations due to the development of bacterial resistance, high cost, and unavailability, thus indicating the need for safer and economic alternatives. Methodology: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial was carried out on 10 patients. Three sites in different quadrants were assigned, treatment modality of scaling and root planing (SRP) alone, SRP with LDD of curcumin gel, and SRP with LDD of 99% pure aloe vera gel, respectively. Clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and on 30th day postoperatively. Results: Curcumin and aloe vera in addition to SRP demonstrated improvements in clinical parameters, though 99% aloe vera extract produced more statistically significant results when used as an LDD agent, as shown in intergroup comparisons for changes in periodontal parameters. Conclusion: Curcumin 10mg (Curenext) and 99% aloe vera extract as LDD along with regular mechanical debridement is a promising therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Knowledge and Perception about Dental Implant and Its Complications among Dental and Medical Students-A Comparative Observational Survey.

Introduction: As dental implants become more widely used, there is a need to raise awareness about their potential complications. Professionals in the dental and medical fields must take responsibility for educating the public, and future professionals in these fields will play a key role in this effort. Methodology: Dental and medical students were polled through online questionnaire, with questions posed in multiple-choice format, to gauge their knowledge of dental implants. Result: When medical students were compared with dental students, it concluded that the dental students have more knowledge about implants and its complication. Conclusion: The statistical analysis revealed that the knowledge about basics of implantology and implant complications was good amongst dental students than medical students which was statistically significant.

Bioactive compound from Pseudomonas synxantha inhibits the growth of Mycobacteria.

Tuberculosis is a dreaded disease and the current situation demands new anti-tubercular agent(s) for the management of public health. Towards this direction, we obtained a contaminant organism on a Mycobacterium smegmatis lawn having growth inhibitory activity against the later. In the current study, efforts were targeted to identify this organism and characterize the bioactive compound from this isolate that inhibited the growth of Mycobacteria. The result revealed that the organism is a strain of Pseudomonas synxantha. Biophysical analyses including (1)H and (13)C NMR, ESI-mass spectroscopy, FTIR showed that the bioactive compound is a long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon with a terminal alyl bond and intermediate electronegative atom. The compound exhibited strong growth inhibitory activities against M. smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains H37Ra, H37Rv and BCG. Further experiments showed that both P. synxantha and its secretory metabolites are capable of inducing hemolysis of human blood. Thus the results of this study clearly indicate that the bioactive compound produced by P. Synxantha has biosurfactant activities as well as anti-myco-bacterial properties.

Antibacterial activity of long-chain fatty alcohols against mycobacteria.

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and results in innumerable deaths across the world. The emergence of multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis strains and its coinfection with HIV has made tuberculosis more difficult to treat. Therefore, new antimycobacterial agent(s) for both therapy and disinfection are urgently required. In this context the present study describes the antibacterial property of long-chain fatty alcohols against mycobacteria. The antimycobacterial activities of alcohols with chain length ranging from C(5) to C(13) were examined against Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2) 155 and M. tuberculosis H(37)R(v). The best activity was found with one with a C(10) chain length. This bactericidal activity can partly be attributed to its ability to damage the robust and complex cell envelope of Mycobacteria. Moreover, our study reveals the ability of decanol to attenuate biofilm formation by M. smegmatis. This knowledge can be used to develop new therapeutics and disinfectants against mycobacteria.

Evaluation of a discharge medication service on an acute psychiatric unit.

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence with medication is a major factor that influences acute psychiatric hospital readmission. Pharmacists can positively influence rapid psychiatric readmission due to nonadherence by counseling patients and providing filled prescriptions on discharge. OBJECTIVE: This study is a retrospective evaluation of a pharmacist-driven discharge medication service for hospitalized psychiatric patients. Measured outcomes include a comparison of rapid readmissions pre and post implementation. Rapid readmissions between the concurrent study group and excluded group were also compared. METHODS: From October 2010 to November 2011, home-destined subjects being discharged from the hospital's behavioral health unit were provided filled psychiatric prescriptions for self-administration upon discharge, coupled with medication counseling. A series of statistical comparisons were made between the 2 prior years' overall rapid readmissions. This was subsequently compared with the overall rapid readmission rate during the study year. The study group's rapid readmissions were then compared to the overall rapid readmission rate of the study year as well as to the concurrent excluded group. RESULTS: Thirty-day hospital readmissions were found to be significantly decreased in studied subjects compared to total rapid readmissions during the previous year (P = .004) and to the excluded group (P = .020). CONCLUSION: Immediate availability of prescriptions upon discharge, coupled with development of therapeutic alliances with patients, removes some of the barriers to patient medication adherence in the discharged, acute psychiatric patient. The program provided positive outcomes with regard to decreased frequent, rapid readmission to the acute care psychiatric unit due to medication nonadherence.

Isolation of a novel Pseudomonas sp from soil that can efficiently degrade polyethylene succinate.

PURPOSE: Polyethylene succinate (PES) is a biodegradable synthetic polymer and therefore widely used as a base material in plastic industry to circumvent the environmental problems related with the non-biodegradability of other polymers like polyethylene. Till date only few organisms have been reported to have the ability to degrade PES. Therefore for better management of PES-related environmental waste, the present study is targeted towards isolating mesophilic organism(s) capable of more efficient degradation of PES. RESULTS: Strain AKS2 was isolated from soil based on survival on a selection plate wherein PES was used as sole carbon source. Ribotyping and biochemical tests revealed that AKS2 is a new strain of Pseudomonas. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopic analysis of the PES films obtained after incubation with AKS2 confirmed PES-degradation ability of AKS2, wherein an alteration in surface topology was observed. The kinetics of PES weight loss showed that AKS2 degrades PES maximally during its logarithmic growth phase at a rate of 1.65 mg/day. This degradation is mediated by esterase activity and may also involve cell-surface hydrophobicity. It has also been observed that AKS2 is able to degrade PES considerably even in the presence of glucose, which is likely to increase the bioremediation potential of this isolate. CONCLUSION: A new strain of Pseudomonas has been isolated from soil that is able to adhere to PES and degrade this polymer efficiently. This organism has the potential to be implemented as a useful tool for bioremediation of PES-derived materials.

Biocompatibility and biofilm inhibition of N,N-hexyl,methyl-polyethylenimine bonded to Boston Keratoprosthesis materials.

The biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of N,N-hexyl,methyl-polyethylenimine (HMPEI) covalently attached to the Boston Keratoprosthesis (B-KPro) materials was evaluated. By means of confocal and electron microscopies, we observed that HMPEI-derivatized materials exert an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates, as compared to the parent poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and titanium. There was no additional corneal epithelial cell cytotoxicity of HMPEI-coated PMMA compared to that of control PMMA in tissue cultures in vitro. Likewise, no toxicity or adverse reactivity was detected with HMPEI-derivatized PMMA or titanium compared to those of the control materials after intrastromal or anterior chamber implantation in rabbits in vivo.

Isolation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain from soil that can degrade polyurethane diol.

Polyurethane diol (PUR-diol), a synthetic polymer, is widely used as a modifier for water-soluble resins and emulsions in wood appliances and auto coatings. Non-biodegradability of polyurethanes (PUR) and PUR-based materials poses a threat to environment that has led scientists to isolate microbes capable of degrading PUR. However, the bio-degradation of PUR-diol has not yet been reported. In this study, we report isolation of a soil bacterium that can survive using PUR-diol as sole carbon source. PUR-diol degradation by the organism was confirmed by thin layer chromatographic analysis of the conditioned medium obtained after the growth wherein a significant reduction of PUR-diol was observed compared to non-inoculated medium. To quantify the PUR-diol degradation, a sensitive assay based on High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography has been developed that showed 32% degradation of PUR-diol by the organism in 10 days. Degradation kinetics showed the maximal depletion of PUR-diol during logarithmic growth of the organism indicating a direct relation between the growth and PUR-diol degradation. Mutagenic study and GC-MS analysis revealed that esterase activity is involved in this degradation event. The ribotyping and metabolic fingerprinting analysis showed that this organism is a strain of Pseudomonous aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). It has also been observed that this strain is able to degrade Impranil DLN™, a variety of commercially available PUR. Therefore this study identifies a new bacterium from soil that has the potential to reduce PUR-related waste burden and adds a new facet to diverse functional activities of P. aeruginosa.

Design and assembly of new nonviral RNAi delivery agents by microwave-assisted quaternization (MAQ) of tertiary amines.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene-silencing phenomenon whereby double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers the sequence-specific degradation of homologous mRNA. RNAi has been quickly and widely applied to discover gene functions and holds great potential to provide a new class of therapeutic agents. However, new chemistry and delivery approaches are greatly needed to silence disease-causing genes without toxic effects. We reasoned that conjugation of the cholesterol moiety to cationic lipids would enhance RNAi efficiencies and lower the toxic effects of lipid-mediated RNAi delivery. Here, we report the first design and synthesis of new cholesterol-conjugated cationic lipids for RNAi delivery using microwave-assisted quaternization (MAQ) of tertiary amines. This strategy can be employed to develop new classes of nonviral gene delivery agents under safe and fast reaction conditions.

Sewage treatment in a single pond system at East Kolkata Wetland, India.

East Kolkata Wetland (EKW), a Ramsar site, greatly contributes towards purification of city sewage employing single pond system. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Therefore to gain an insight, in this study efforts have been made to understand the rate of biodegradation and the time dependent changes of different physicochemical factors and their interactions that are involved in the process. For this purpose, different parameters such as BOD, COD, faecal coliforms etc. have been measured at different time intervals during the purification process. The results reveal that biodegradation rate at EKW pond is very high and wastewater gets stabilized within 10 days of retention. The higher rate of biodegradation in pond system at EKW (k = 0.7 day(-1)) than in laboratory based in vitro experiment (k = 0.12 day(-1)) reveals the important contribution from other environmental components that are unique for this system. The results also demonstrate the significant influence (P< or =0.01) of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen on the purification of waste water. Thus the current study provides an insight about the optimal pathway of gradual improvement of wastewater quality in the single pond system at EKW and may serve to explore the inherent mechanism to a great extent.

Covalent grafting of common trihydroxymethylaminomethane in the headgroup region imparts high serum compatibility and mouse lung transfection property to cationic amphiphile.

Clinical success of cationic transfection lipids in nonviral gene therapy continues to remain critically dependent on the use of serum compatible cationic amphiphiles efficient in delivering genes into our body cells. To this end, we demonstrate that covalent grafting of simple Tris-base component of the widely used biological Tris buffer in the headgroup region is capable of imparting high serum compatibility and intravenous mouse lung transfection properties to cationic amphiphile.

Practical aspects of hydrophobic polycationic bactericidal "paints".

We previously discovered that coating solid surfaces with long-chained linear N-dodecyl,N-methyl-polyethylenimine makes them bactericidal and virucidal. In the present study, focusing on the use of this microbicidal paint to kill airborne Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, we have systematically investigated the dependence of this effect on the concentration and mode of application of the hydrophobic polycation, the number of coats, the nature of the solvent, and the presence of a dye in such paint. In addition, the latter's ability to be regenerated after use, stability upon repeated washings, and mammalian toxicity has been evaluated.

Dramatic influence of the orientation of linker between hydrophilic and hydrophobic lipid moiety in liposomal gene delivery.

A number of prior studies have demonstrated that the DNA-binding and gene transfection efficacies of cationic amphiphiles crucially depend on their various structural parameters including hydrophobic chain lengths, headgroup functionalities, and the nature of the linker-functionality used in tethering the polar headgroup and hydrophobic tails. However, to date addressing the issue of linker orientation remains unexplored in liposomal gene delivery. Toward probing the influence of linker orientation in cationic lipid mediated gene delivery, we have designed and synthesized two structurally isomeric remarkably similar cationic amphiphiles 1 and 2 bearing the same hydrophobic tails and the same polar headgroups connected by the same ester linker group. The only structural difference between the cationic amphiphiles 1 and 2 is the orientation of their linker ester functionality. While lipid 1 showed high gene transfer efficacies in multiple cultured animal cells, lipid 2 was essentially transfection incompetent. Findings in both transmission electron microscopic and dynamic laser light scattering studies revealed no significant size difference between the lipoplexes of lipids 1 and 2. Findings in confocal microscopic and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments, taken together, support the notion that the remarkably higher gene transfer efficacies of lipid 1 compared to those of lipid 2 presumably originate from higher biomembrane fusogenicity of lipid 1 liposomes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence anisotropy studies revealed a significantly higher gel-to-liquid crystalline temperature for the lipid 2 liposomes than that for lipid 1 liposomes. Findings in the dye entrapment experiment were also consistent with the higher rigidity of lipid 2/cholesterol (1:1 mole ratio) liposomes. Thus, the higher biomembrane fusibility of lipid 1 liposomes than that of lipid 2 liposomes presumably originates from the more rigid nature of lipid 2 cationic liposomes. Taken together, the present findings demonstrate for the first time that even as minor a structural variation as linker orientation reversal in cationic amphiphiles can profoundly influence DNA-binding characteristics, membrane rigidity, membrane fusibility, cellular uptake, and consequently gene delivery efficacies of cationic liposomes.

Common co-lipids, in synergy, impart high gene transfer properties to transfection-incompetent cationic lipids.

Efficacious cationic transfection lipids usually need either DOPE or cholesterol as co-lipid to deliver DNA inside the cell cytoplasm in non-viral gene delivery. If both of these co-lipids fail in imparting gene transfer properties, the cationic lipids are usually considered to be transfection inefficient. Herein, using both the reporter gene assay in CHO, COS-1 and HepG2 cells and the whole cell histochemical X-gal staining assay in representative CHO cells, we demonstrate that common co-lipids DOPE, Cholesterol and DOPC, when act in synergy, are capable of imparting improved gene transfer properties to a novel series of cationic lipids (1-5). Contrastingly, lipids 1-5 became essentially transfection-incompetent when used in combination with each of the pure co-lipid components alone.

Anchor dependency for non-glycerol based cationic lipofectins: mixed bag of regular and anomalous transfection profiles.

Although detailed structure-activity, physicochemical and biophysical investigations in probing the anchor influence in liposomal gene delivery have been reported for glycerol-based transfection lipids, the corresponding investigation for non-glycerol based simple monocationic transfection lipids have not yet been undertaken. Towards this end, herein, we delineate our structure-activity and physicochemical approach in deciphering the anchor dependency in liposomal gene delivery using fifteen new structural analogues (lipids 1-15) of recently reported non-glycerol based monocationic transfection lipids. The C(14) analogues in both series 1 (lipids 1-6) and series 2 (lipids 7-15) showed maximum efficiency in transfecting COS-1 and CHO cells. However, the C(12) analogue of the ether series (lipid 3) exhibited a seemingly anomalous behavior compared with its transfection efficient C(10) and C(14) analogues (lipids 2 and 4) in being completely inefficient to transfect both COS-1 and CHO cells. The present structure-activity investigation also convincingly demonstrates that enhancement of transfection efficiencies through incorporation of membrane reorganizing unsaturation elements in the hydrophobic anchor of cationic lipids is not universal but cell dependent. The strength of the interaction of lipids 1-15 with DNA was assessed by their ability to exclude ethidium bromide bound to the DNA. Cationic lipids with long hydrophobic tails were found, in general, to be efficient in excluding EtBr from DNA. Gel to liquid crystalline transition temperatures of the lipids was measured by fluorescence anisotropy measurement technique. In general (lipid 2 being an exception), transfection efficient lipids were found to have their mid transition temperatures at or below physiological temperatures (37 degrees C).