Lymph and blood cytokines in fever of different severity.

Experiments on rats showed that pyrogenal-induced fever is associated with elevation of IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 content in the thoracic duct lymph and blood plasma, whereas low-grade fever induced by administration of Freund's complete adjuvant is associated with elevation of only IL-6 concentration. The increase in IL-1ß concentration during fever and IL-6 concentration in both processes was more pronounced in the central lymph than in blood plasma. Unchanged concentrations of IL-1ß and IL-10 in low-grade fever apparently reflect differences in the mechanisms of these pathological processes.

Lymphoprotective effect of perftoran.

Experiments on rats showed that the lymphoprotective effect of Perftoran manifests in stimulation of contractile activity of myocytes in the wall and valve cusps of lymphatic microvessels, which in turn activates the pump and capacitive functions of the lymphatic system and improves central lymph outflow. These changes contribute to an increase in the resorption and transport of cell and tissue metabolites from the interstitial space.

Change in lymph flow during low-grade fever and febrile fever under experimental conditions.

Experiments on rats showed that low-grade fever is accompanied by a decrease in the central lymph flow rate, which results from inactivation of lymphangion components in lymphatic microvessels of the small intestine mesentery. Lymph flow rate was shown to increase during pyrogenal-induced fever, which did not depend on the duration of the disease.

Content of trace elements in the lymph and blood during pyrogenal-induced fever and complete freund's adjuvant-induced low-grade fever.

Experiments on rats showed that complete Freund's adjuvant-induced low-grade fever and pyrogenal-induced fever are accompanied by an increase in the content of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Se in the thoracic duct lymph. Our results indicate that the lymphatic system supplies trace elements to the circulation, which compensates for a deficiency in trace elements and maintains their systemic circulation. The decrease in the content of some trace elements in the blood during fever is probably associated with their excessive consumption (e.g., to maintain the antioxidant defense system). During experimental low-grade fever and pyrogenal-induced fever, the lymphatic system serves as the reservoir for trace elements and plays a role in the regulation of trace element balance in biological fluids.

Antioxidant protection and lipid peroxidation in the lymph and blood during complete Freund's adjuvant-induced low-grade fever and pyrogenal-induced fever.

Experiments on rats showed that complete Freund's adjuvant-induced low-grade fever and pyrogenal-induced fever of different duration are accompanied by an increase in the content of lipid peroxidation products and components of the antioxidant system not only in blood plasma, but also in the central lymph. These changes reflect activation of drainage, evacuation, and transport function of the lymphatic system. We conclude that the lymphatic system plays an important role in the maintenance of the prooxidant-antioxidant balance under these pathological conditions.

[Antipyretic system in humans].

The elevation of body temperature during fever reaction and endogenous antipyretic effect reflects the existing balance between 2 components directed to the maximal positive use of the fever effects and simultaneous prevention of their side effects. The mechanisms involved in the control of balance between factors known as the fever triggers and endogenous antipyretic factors. The possible mechanisms of action of various endogenous antipyretic system components (glucocorticoids, neuropeptides, cytokines etc.) capable to regulate the duration and quantity of fever reaction are discussed in this review.

Effect of sodium diclofenac on microcirculation and composition of the lymph during fever reaction.

Therapeutic effect of sodium diclofenac during fever reaction is associated not only with specific modulation of thermoregulation, but also with the increase in the count of lymphocytes transported with the lymph into systemic circulation, stimulation of lymph microcirculation, and improvement of metabolism in the interstitial space. This preparation inhibited kininogenesis and stimulated degradation of kinins. Sodium diclofenac serves as a universal inhibitor of the kallikrein-kinin system.

Effect of orthophen on microlymphocirculation during fever reaction.

Orthophen improved lymph flow during fever reaction via stimulation of contractile activity of the wall and valves in mesenteric lymphatic vessels of rat small intestine. These changes constitute the pathogenetic mechanism for the effect of orthophen during fever.

Correction of lipid composition of the lymph and blood during immediate type hypersensitivity.

Combination therapy with hydrocortisone and norepinephrine improved resorption and transport functions of the lymphatic system during anaphylactic shock, which was accompanied by a considerable increase in the contents of total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and malonic dialdehyde (lipid peroxidation product) in the lymph and blood. It should be emphasized that lipid concentration in the lymph increased to a greater extent than in the blood.

Allergic alteration in the organism is associated with disturbances in lipid composition of the lymph.

Anaphylactic shock causes changes in the transport chain of lipid metabolism in the blood-tissue-lymph-blood system. During the early periods of shock, the changes in lipid composition of the lymph and blood result from increased permeability of the blood-tissue barriers, while at later terms, these processes are primarily determined by metabolic changes.

Correction of lymph circulation during immediate hypersensitivity reaction.

We measured lymph flow rate in the thoracic lymphatic duct of dogs with anaphylactic shock receiving mono- or combination therapy with norepinephrine and hydrocortisone. Intensification of lymph circulation improved resorption and transport of metabolic products from the interstitial space through lymphatic vessels and stimulated exchange processes in the blood and tissues during allergic alterations.

Possible correction of lymph flow and contractile activity of lymphatic microvessels during febrile response.

In experiments on dogs and rats dimephosphon considerably enhanced contractile activity of walls and valves in lymphatic microvessels, thus accelerating lymph flow and improving exchange between blood and lymph.

[Transferase contents in lymph and blood in fever reaction]. / Soderzhanie transferaz v limfe i krovi pri likhoradochnoi reaktsii.

The aim of the present investigation was the study of the content of alanine, asparagine-transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transferase and their isoenzymes, as well as leucine aminotransferase in the lymph of thoracic duct, hepatic and intestinal lymph and peripheral blood in dynamics of fever reaction of various duration in the experiments on rabbits. Irrespective of its duration, the fever was followed by a significant activation of the enzymes in the body fluids. However, in many-day fever reaction, a rise of enzymes level in the lymph was more prolonged than that in the blood. The above studies make it possible to assume that the released enzymes in fever reaction are primarily resorbed by lymphatic capillaries and their activity indices in the blood serum are largely evidenced by the transport function of the lymphatic system.