A Systematic Approach to Developing Virtual Patient Vignettes for Pediatric Health Equity Research.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe a systematic approach to developing virtual patient (VP) vignettes for health equity research in pediatric pain care. Methods: VPs were initially developed to depict the body posture and movements of actual children experiencing pain. Researchers and clinicians with expertise in pediatric pain worked closely with a professional animator to portray empirically supported pain expression in four, full-motion, virtual male characters of two races (i.e., White and Black). Through an iterative process, VPs were refined to (1) appear realistic in a clinical setting and (2) display archetypal pain behavior and expression during a 1-min video clip without sound. Text vignettes were developed with consultation from experts in pain care and presented alongside VPs to assess clinical decision-making. VP vignettes were piloted in a sample of pediatric providers (N=13). Results: Informed by the literature and expertise of stakeholders, several revisions were made to improve VPs' facial grimacing and realism before piloting. VPs appeared to accurately capture important aspects of pain expression and behavior common among pediatric patients with pain disorders. Additional refinements to the text vignettes were made based on provider feedback to improve clarity and clinical relevance. Conclusions: This article presents a working framework to facilitate a systematic approach to developing VP vignettes. This framework is a first step toward advancing health equity research by isolating psychosocial and interpersonal factors affecting provider behavior and decision-making. Future research is needed to validate the use of VP vignettes for assessing provider behavior contributing to health inequities for youth with pain disorders.

Pain-related stigma as a social determinant of health in diverse pediatric pain populations.

Pediatric patients with invisible symptomology, such as chronic pain syndromes, are more likely to experience pain-related stigma and associated discrimination by others, including medical providers, peers, school personnel, and family members. The degree of this pain-related stigma may depend on several social dimensions, including observer (e.g., attentional and implicit biases) and patient characteristics (e.g., racial identity, socioeconomic stressors). In this mini-review, we introduce the concept of pain-related stigma, and the intersectionality of stigma, within the context of social determinants of health in pediatric pain populations. Stigma theory, observer attentional biases, healthcare provider implicit/explicit biases, adverse childhood experience, and psychophysiology of socio-environmental stressors are integrated. Several ethical, clinical, and research implications are also discussed. Because the study of pain-related stigma in pediatric pain is in its infancy, the purpose of this conceptual review is to raise awareness of the nuances surrounding this social construct, propose avenues through which stigma may contribute to health inequities, present frameworks to advance the study of this topic, and identify areas for further investigation.

Feasibility and use of a transition process planning and communication tool among multiple subspecialties within a pediatric health system.

PURPOSE: An emerging need to improve health care transition planning has developed worldwide as more youth with special health care needs are surviving to adulthood. Nurses have been instrumental in facilitating transition planning and supporting youth throughout this process. While various transition tools have been developed, health professionals' utilization and perception of these tools have yet to be explored. Furthermore, there are no universally-accepted documentation tools for transition planning. The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a transition process planning and communication tool to facilitate transition planning among multiple, pediatric subspecialties within a system-wide transition program. DESIGN AND METHODS: This project was a cross-sectional quality improvement initiative. Eligible encounters in the electronic medical record (N = 20,645) were obtained from 38 subspecialty clinics at a large, freestanding pediatric health system. Transition planning documentation was monitored for 8 months pre-implementation and 14 months post-implementation of the tool. Health professionals (N = 89) completed a survey to assess the tool's feasibility. RESULTS: Implementation of the tool was feasible and corresponded with increased transition planning documentation post-implementation. Nurses represented 33% of the sample that utilized the tool. Survey results revealed barriers to documentation and utilization of the tool, along with strategies for improvement. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates that health professionals, especially pediatric nurses and nurse practitioners, are willing to adopt new, electronic documentation tools to enhance multidisciplinary transition planning consistent with best practices. Future studies should address identified barriers, assess the effectiveness of the tool on improving transition outcomes, and consider implications for integration into global health care models. System-wide implementation of such tools may improve multidisciplinary communication and coordination of care for youth with special health care needs.

Navigating Ethical Challenges for Pediatric Sickle Cell Pain Management in the Context of the Opioid Epidemic.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to describe the impact of the opioid epidemic on pain management practices in pediatric sickle cell disease (SCD) and propose a conceptual framework for navigating ethical decision-making in pediatric sickle cell pain management. METHODS: A review of the literature on ethical challenges in the management of sickle cell pain was conducted and considered in the context of the opioid epidemic and psychosocial factors affecting youth with SCD. The Integrated Ethical Framework for Pain Management (IEFPM) was applied to pediatric sickle cell pain management using a clinical case example. RESULTS: Implicit bias, health-related stigma, and potential neurocognitive impairment all present unique challenges in ethical decision-making for youth with SCD. National guidelines for prescribing opioid medication may complicate providers' clinical decision-making and affect their sickle cell pain management practices. The IEFPM was found to be applicable to ethical decision-making for pediatric sickle cell pain and captures both patient-related and provider-related aspects of clinical pain management. DISCUSSION: The opioid epidemic has exacerbated existing ethical challenges for pain management among youth with SCD. The IEFPM provides a conceptual model that can be integrated into health care settings to facilitate ethical decision-making and promote greater health equity in the clinical management of pediatric sickle cell pain.

What COVID-19 Teaches Us About Implicit Bias in Pediatric Health Care.

OBJECTIVES: To highlight the role of implicit bias in contributing to existing health disparities among pediatric populations during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and recommend strategies to reduce its impact. METHODS: A topical review of the recent literature on implicit bias describing its potential impact in key areas of pediatric health care within the context of COVID-19 was conducted. RESULTS: Pediatric provider implicit bias has been found to be similar to the general population and can negatively influence clinical decision-making and outcomes for marginalized youth and families, particularly under stressful conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Implicit bias can be mitigated through strategies proposed at the individual, institutional/organizational, educational, and scientific/research levels. CONCLUSIONS: The additional strain on provider resources, staff, and supplies created by COVID-19 may exacerbate providers' susceptibility to implicit bias and contribute to health disparities. Pediatric psychologists are encouraged to recognize implicit biases in themselves and colleagues and promote identified strategies to reduce the impact of implicit bias on perpetuating health disparities in marginalized youth and families.

Applicability of the SMART Model of Transition Readiness for Sickle-Cell Disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the applicability of the Social-ecological Model of Adolescent and Young Adult Readiness to Transition (SMART) model for adolescents and young adults (AYA) with sickle-cell disease (SCD). METHODS: 14 AYA with SCD (14-24 years old) and 10 clinical experts (6-20 years of experience) completed semi-structured interviews. AYA completed brief questionnaires. Interviews were coded for themes, which were reviewed to determine their fit within the SMART model. RESULTS: Overall, most themes were consistent with the model (e.g., sociodemographics/culture, neurocognition/IQ, etc.). Factors related to race/culture, pain management, health-care navigation skills, societal stigma, and lack of awareness about SCD were salient for AYA with SCD. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest the SMART model may be appropriate in SCD with the consideration of disease-related stigma. This study is a step toward developing a disease-specific model of transition readiness for SCD. Future directions include the development of a measure of transition readiness for this population.

False positive diagnosis of malingering due to the use of multiple effort tests.

OBJECTIVE: Effort indicators are used to determine if neuropsychological test results are valid measures of a patient's cognitive abilities. The use of multiple effort measures is often advocated, but the false positive rate for multiple indicators depends on the number of measures used and the correlation among indicators. This study presents a meta-analysis of correlations among effort measures. False positive rates for multiple correlated indicators are then estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. METHODS: a literature search of published studies identified 22 independent samples in which 407 correlations among 31 effort measures were available in 3564 participants with normal effort. Participants were patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders and healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed a mean correlation among effort indicators of 0.31. Monte Carlo simulation based on a 15% false positive rate for individual indicators showed that, when 10 effort indicators are used together, 38% of patients with valid performance will be incorrectly identified as malingering if two failures is the diagnostic standard. Failure on five of 10 measures is required for a false positive rate of 10% or less. If five effort indicators are interpreted, a false positive rate of 19% results when two test failures are assumed to characterize poor effort and failure on three measures is required to maintain 90% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: False positive rates for effort tests increase significantly as the number of indicators that are administered is increased.