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1.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther ; 48(1): 78-86, 2018 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29733115

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A gluten-free diet treats coeliac disease, but its efficacy depends on strict adherence. A variety of patient factors may influence adherence but have not been well described at a population level. AIM: To comprehensively assess the patient factors that influence gluten-free diet adherence in patients with coeliac disease. METHODS: Patients with coeliac disease completed an online survey comprising the validated Celiac Dietary Adherence Test in addition to data on demographics, details of diagnosis and management and assessment of diet knowledge, quality of life and psychological distress. Survey data were analysed for predictors of adherence and quality of life. RESULTS: Of 7393 responses, 5310 completed the Celiac Dietary Adherence Test and 3230 (61%) were adherent to a gluten-free diet. Multivariate regression showed older age, being male, symptoms after gluten ingestion, better food knowledge and lower risk of psychological distress were independent predictors of adherence (each P ≤ 0.008). Additionally, dietary adherence was associated with better quality of life (P < 0.001; multiple regression). Respondents who considered themselves to have poor food knowledge were more likely to incorrectly identify gluten-free foods, but could still recognise gluten-containing foods, suggesting that poor knowledge may lead to over-restriction of diet. CONCLUSIONS: Poor knowledge of a gluten-free diet and psychological wellbeing were independent modifiable risk factors for inadequate adherence to a gluten-free diet in patients with coeliac disease. Involvement of both a dietitian and mental health care professional, in the presence of psychological distress, is likely to be necessary to improve adherence and health outcomes.


Assuntos
Doença Celíaca/dietoterapia , Doença Celíaca/psicologia , Dieta Livre de Glúten , Alimentos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Austrália/epidemiologia , Doença Celíaca/diagnóstico , Doença Celíaca/epidemiologia , Dieta Livre de Glúten/psicologia , Dieta Livre de Glúten/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia , Prognóstico , Qualidade de Vida , Grupos Raciais , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
2.
Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci ; 27(4): 357-368, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28115031

RESUMO

AIMS: To examine health professionals' views and practices relating to the specific barriers to communication that arise at the time of mental health diagnosis, and the strategies used to support individuals throughout this process. METHODS: An online survey of the beliefs and practices of 131 mental health clinicians working in different clinical settings across Australia was conducted. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis of the items relating to barriers to communication resulted in three latent factors ('stigma, diagnosis and risk'; 'service structure'; and 'individual circumstances' such as the person receiving the diagnosis being young, having a culturally and linguistically diverse background or being unwell at the time of conversation). Using linear regression it was found that variance in 'stigma, diagnosis and risk' was significantly explained by whether participating clinicians had medical training, their experience working with serious mental health problems, their confidence handling distress and attitude towards diagnosis. Variance in 'individual circumstances' was significantly explained by participating clinicians' confidence handling distress. The most frequently used strategies to support diagnostic discussions centred on the health professionals' communication skills, gauging the individual's perception of their circumstances, responding with empathy, following-up after discussion, addressing stigma concerns, using collaborative practice and setting up for the conversation. CONCLUSIONS: Three main areas for health professionals to reflect on, plan for and ultimately address when discussing news with the individual concerned emerged ('stigma, diagnosis and risk'; 'service structure'; and 'individual circumstances'). Variations in practice indicate that practitioners should be cognisant of their own beliefs and background and how this impacts their communication practice.


Assuntos
Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Barreiras de Comunicação , Comunicação , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Serviços de Saúde Mental , Relações Médico-Paciente , Estigma Social , Adulto , Austrália , Empatia , Feminino , Pessoal de Saúde/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Saúde Mental , Inquéritos e Questionários , Recursos Humanos
3.
Meat Sci ; 125: 95-101, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27936424

RESUMO

The objective of this experiment was to compare the pork quality of entire male pigs and pigs immunized against GnRF (IC males) at both light (64.8kg) and heavy (106kg) liveweights and two feeding regimes (restricted at 2.5 times maintenance and ad libitum). There was no difference in objective measurements (P>0.05) or eating pork quality (P>0.1) between entire male and IC males. Fail rates were reduced by 9.1% and 12% for pork from IC males for quality grade (P=0.007) and re-purchase intention (P=0.001), respectively, compared to pork from entire males. Skatole (P=0.001) and androstenone (P<0.001) levels in belly fat were higher in entire male than IC male pigs. In addition, 37.5% of the light entire male pigs fed ad libitum showed skatole levels that exceeded the sensory threshold of 0.2µg/g. This work confirms that immunization against GnRF is effective in eliminating boar taint and reducing pork quality fail rates by approximately 10% compared to pork from entire males.


Assuntos
Peso Corporal , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/administração & dosagem , Imunização/veterinária , Orquiectomia/métodos , Carne Vermelha , Matadouros , Androstenos/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Masculino , Escatol/análise , Suínos
4.
J Anim Sci ; 94(9): 3966-3977, 2016 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27898886

RESUMO

Pigs immunized against gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) have increased carcass fatness compared to entire males; however, the timing of this increase in fatness after the second immunization against GnRF has not been determined. An experiment was conducted to identify and compare the growth performance, body composition, and physiological changes in immunocastrated males (IC males) at different BW and feeding levels. A total of 64 pigs were used in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment with the treatments being 1) sex (entire males or IC males), 2) initial BW (45.9 kg [light] or 78.3 kg [heavy]), and 3) feeding regime (2.5 times maintenance [restricted] or ad libitum). The pigs were individually housed, and the diets were fed for 4 wk after the second immunization against GnRF until slaughter at either 68.4 kg BW (light) or 105.8 kg BW (heavy). Immunocastrated males on a restricted feed intake had a lower ADG compared to entire males from d 15 to 28 and d 0 to 28 ( 0.011 and 0.011, respectively). Fat deposition was not affected by sex from d 0 to 14, but from d 15 to 28 IC males deposited 45 g/d more fat than entire males ( = 0.025). Immunocastrated male pigs fed ad libitum deposited 87 g/d more fat from d 15 to 28 than entire males fed ad libitum ( = 0.036). However, there was no difference in fat deposition between IC males and entire males when feed intake was restricted from d 15 to 28. Plasma urea nitrogen levels were greater in IC males compared to entire males from d 7 after the second immunization against GnRF ( 0.05 for d 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28). Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 were lower for IC males compared to entire males on d 3, 7, 10, and 28 ( 0.05 for all days). The following conclusions were made: 1) when pigs are immunized at a light BW (50 kg) and/or are on a restricted feed intake, they have a reduced propensity to deposit fat; however, the restriction in feed intake adversely affects growth rate. 2) The majority of fat deposition for males immunized at heavy BW (80 kg) occurs from d 15 to 28 after the second immunization against GnRF.


Assuntos
Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/imunologia , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Suínos/fisiologia , Vacinas Anticoncepcionais/imunologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Imunização , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I , Masculino , Orquiectomia/métodos , Suínos/imunologia
5.
J Anim Sci ; 94(5): 1982-92, 2016 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27285696

RESUMO

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of entire male and male pigs immunized against gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF; immunocastrates). A total of 420 entire male and immunocastrated (IC) male pigs weighing 60.1 kg BW (SEM 0.49) were used in a 2 × 5 factorial experiment with the main effects being gender (entire males or IC males) and 5 concentrations of SID Lys:DE ratio (0.32, 0.43, 0.54, 0.64, or 0.75 g SID Lys/MJ DE). The diets were fed for 6 wk until slaughter at 107.5 kg BW (SEM 5.72). Over the entire period, IC males had a greater ADG ( < 0.001), greater ADFI ( < 0.001), and lower G:F ( < 0.001) compared with entire males. Immunocastrated males had increased plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations compared with entire males from d 10 to 42 ( < 0.001 for all days). Plasma urea nitrogen concentration also increased as Lys concentrations increased from d 3 to 42 ( < 0.001 for all days). Using the linear-plateau model, the optimal ADG for entire males was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.68, 0.62, 0.54, and 0.58 g/MJ DE whereas optimal G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.72, 0.60, 0.54, and 0.51 g/MJ DE for the time periods d 0 to 14, d 15 to 28, d 29 to 42, and d 0 to 42, respectively. For IC males, optimal ADG was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.64, 0.43, 0.38, and 0.40 g/MJ DE whereas optimal G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.64, 0.43, 0.36, and 0.42 g/MJ DE for the same respective time periods. Using the quadratic polynomial model, maximum ADG for entire males was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.62 and 0.58 g/MJ DE whereas maximum G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.59 and 0.68 g/MJ DE for d 29 to 42 and d 0 to 42, respectively. For IC pigs, maximum ADG was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.69, 0.54, and 0.64 g/MJ DE whereas maximum G:F was achieved at SID Lys concentrations of 0.81, 0.54, and 0.64 g/MJ DE for d 0 to 14, d 29 to 42, and d 0 to 42, respectively. A solution could not be found using the quadratic polynomial model for entire males for d 0 to 14 for both ADG and G:F and for both entire males and IC males for d 15 to 28 within the range of Lys values tested. When both the growth performance and PUN values are considered, the results suggest that IC males show a response to dietary SID Lys similar to that of entire males for 2 wk after the second immunization against GnRF. After this, IC males have a lower requirement for SID Lys than entire males.


Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/imunologia , Lisina/metabolismo , Necessidades Nutricionais , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Suínos/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Nitrogênio da Ureia Sanguínea , Dieta , Íleo/fisiologia , Imunização , Lisina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Orquiectomia/métodos , Vacinação , Vacinas Anticoncepcionais/imunologia
6.
Meat Sci ; 110: 270-7, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26313847

RESUMO

A 4 × 3 factorial experiment (n=8 pigs per treatment combination) was conducted with 96 female Landrace × Large White pigs to examine the required level of dietary vitamin E and optimum feeding duration before slaughter to maximise muscle vitamin E content in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. The respective factors were four dietary levels of vitamin E (supplemented as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate; 35, 300, 500, and 700 IU/kg) and three feeding durations (14, 28 and 42 days before slaughter). Vitamin E concentration in the LTL was maximised at 6 mg/kg, which was achieved by feeding a 700 IU vitamin E diet for 28 days before slaughter (P<0.001). There was no further increase in the vitamin E content of the LTL by feeding the high vitamin E diet more than 28 days before slaughter.


Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Músculo Esquelético/química , Suínos , Vitamina E/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Vitamina E/química , Vitamina E/metabolismo
7.
J Anim Sci ; 93(6): 2926-34, 2015 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26115279

RESUMO

This study tested the hypothesis that vitamin E (Vit E) and omega-3 fatty acids will additively attenuate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2 in immune system­stimulated growing­finishing pigs. A total of 80 mixed sex pigs weighing 50.7 ± 0.76 kg (mean ± SE) were blocked and stratified based on sex and BW to a 2 × 2 factorial design with the respective factors being 1) without and with 300 IU Vit E and 2) without and with 25% replacement of tallow to linseed oil as a source of n-3 fatty acids. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicate pens with 5 pigs (3 barrows and 2 gilts) per pen. All pigs were challenged with an intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; O111:B4) twice weekly over the 6-wk experiment. After LPS challenge, pigs fed a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids had fewer (P < 0.05) white blood cells and tended to show both a reduced (P < 0.10) proportion of lymphocytes and IgG concentration compared with pigs fed a diet without any supplements. Supplementation of n-3 fatty acids reduced (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) serum concentrations of cortisol and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), respectively. The serum concentration of PGE2 was decreased (P < 0.05) with supplementation of both Vit E and n-3 fatty acids; however, the extent of the reduction was greater (P < 0.001) in pigs fed an n-3 fatty acid­supplemented diet. However, there were no additive effects of the combined supplementation of Vit E and n-3 fatty acids on serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2. The results suggest that n-3 fatty acids independently attenuate production of TNF-α and PGE2 in immune system­stimulated growing­finishing pigs.


Assuntos
Alprostadil/análogos & derivados , Citocinas/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Suínos/sangue , Vitamina E/farmacologia , Alprostadil/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Gorduras , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino
8.
Ir J Med Sci ; 184(1): 159-65, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24532091

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: In recent years hypertonic saline has attracted increasing interest in the treatment of traumatic intracranial hypertension, and has a number of documented and theoretical advantages over other hyperosmolar agents. To date, no consensus has been achieved on the safest and most effective HTS concentration for administration. AIMS: The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous bolus administration of highly concentrated (30 %) hypertonic saline (HTS) in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension secondary to traumatic brain injury. METHODS: Patients were treated with an intravenous bolus of 10 ml of 30 % hypertonic saline. Multiple physiological parameters were measured throughout, including intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, pulse and inotrope/pressor requirements. Laboratory investigation pre and post HTS administration included: arterial pH, pCO2, HCO3, base excess; serum biochemistry measurements of sodium, potassium, chloride, urea and creatinine; and coagulation studies. RESULTS: TBI patients saw a rapid and significant reduction in ICP from a baseline value of 28 ± 5.31 to 18.44 ± 6.17 mmHg at 1 h post HTS, a statistically significant reduction that was maintained for up to 7 h. This response was maintained even with repeated HTS administration, which was also associated with an augmented cerebral perfusion pressure from a baseline of 58.0 ± 6.48 to 76.33 mmHg within 1 h of HTS administration. CONCLUSION: No associated harmful biochemical or haematological abnormalities were noted. In conclusion, highly concentrated 30 % HTS appears to be both effective and safe in the management of refractory intracranial hypertension.


Assuntos
Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Hipertensão Intracraniana/tratamento farmacológico , Pressão Intracraniana/efeitos dos fármacos , Solução Salina Hipertônica/administração & dosagem , Administração Intravenosa , Adulto , Creatinina/metabolismo , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão Intracraniana/etiologia , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos
9.
Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg ; 52(2): 128-33, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24280116

RESUMO

Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings have an important role in the management of head and neck cancer. Increasing incidence of the disease and a drive towards centralised meetings on large numbers of patients mean that effective discussions are pertinent. We aimed to evaluate new cases within a single high volume head and neck cancer MDT and to explore the relation between the time taken to discuss each case, the number of discussants, and type of case. A total of 105 patients with a new diagnosis of head and neck malignancy or complex benign tumour were discussed at 10 head and neck cancer MDT meetings. A single observer timed each discussion using a stopwatch, and recorded the number of discussants and the diagnosis and characteristics of each patient. Timings ranged from 15 to 480 s (8 min) with a mean of 119 s (2 min), and the duration of discussion correlated closely with the number of discussants (rs=0.63, p<0.001). The longest discussions concerned patients with advanced T stage (p=0.006) and advanced N stage (p=0.009) disease, the elderly (p=0.02) and male patients (p=0.05). Tumour site and histological findings were not significant factors in the duration of discussion. Most discussions on patients with early stage tumours were short (T1: 58% less than 60s, mean 90) and fewer people contributed. Many patients, particularly those with early stage disease, require little discussion, and their treatment might reasonably be planned according to an agreed protocol, which would leave more time and resources for those that require greater multidisciplinary input. Further studies may highlight extended discussions on patients with head and neck cancer, which may prompt a review of protocols and current evidence.


Assuntos
Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/terapia , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Protocolos Clínicos , Comunicação , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais , Neoplasias Laríngeas/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Bucais/terapia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Orofaríngeas/terapia , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/organização & administração , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo
10.
Health Promot Int ; 29(1): 81-90, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22942273

RESUMO

This study investigated feasibility and acceptability of a new email-delivered intervention promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in a university-based population of Australian young adults. The study explored whether there are differences in the reported feasibility and acceptability between demographic groups within the population of interest and at three levels of intervention intensity. The email-delivered intervention program consists of an implementation intention 'planning task' and between 3 and 15 short email messages over a 15-day study period. The intervention program was developed using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and was designed to modify perceived behavioural control. One hundred and ten participants (mean age = 19.21 years, 25.6% male) completed the feasibility and acceptability questionnaire at Day 15. This questionnaire contained items about all intervention components. High acceptability and feasibility scores were found for all intervention parts and at all levels of intervention intensity. There were few significant differences in the reported acceptability of items between key demographic sub-groups, and no differences in reported acceptability at different levels of intervention intensity. These results suggest that this email-delivered intervention is an acceptable and feasible tool for promoting fruit and vegetable consumption for participants in the target population.


Assuntos
Correio Eletrônico , Comportamento Alimentar , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Modelos Teóricos , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Adolescente , Adulto , Austrália , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Frutas , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Verduras , Adulto Jovem
11.
Animal ; 7(11): 1769-78, 2013 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23931578

RESUMO

In most countries, male pigs are physically castrated soon after birth to reduce the risk of boar taint and to avoid behaviours such as fighting and mounting. However, entire male pigs are more feed efficient and deposit less fat than barrows. In addition, many animal welfare organizations are lobbying for a cessation of castration, with a likelihood that this could lead to inferior pork unless an alternative method is used to control boar taint. An alternative to physical castration is immunization against gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF) which allows producers to capitalize on the superior feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of boars without the risk of boar taint. From a physiological perspective, immunized pigs are entire males until shortly after the second dose, typically given 4 to 6 weeks before slaughter. Following full immunization, there is a temporary suppression of testicular function and a hormonal status that resembles that of a barrow. Nutrient requirements will be different in these two phases, before and after full immunization. Given that there have been few published studies comparing the lysine requirements of entire males and barrows in contemporary genotypes, it is useful to use gilt requirements as a benchmark. A series of meta-analyses comparing anti-GnRF immunized boars and physical castrates and use of nutritional models suggest that the lysine requirement of entire males before the second immunization is 5% higher than for gilts, from 25 to 50 kg BW, and by 8% from 50 to 95 kg. Given that the penalty in growth performance for having inadequate dietary lysine is greater in males than in gilts or barrows, it is important to ensure that lysine requirements are met to obtain the maximum benefits of entire male production during this phase. After the second immunization, the lysine requirement of immunized males decreases and may become more like that of barrows. In addition, a consistent effect of full immunization is a marked increase in voluntary feed intake from about 10 days after the second dose. Putting these together, the estimated lysine requirement, expressed in terms of diet composition, falls to 94% of the gilt level. Although general principles can be described now, further research is needed to fully define the lysine requirements of immunized boars. It is important that the temporal pattern of tissue deposition rates and feed intake be explored to be incorporated into models to predict nutrient requirements over the period of rapidly changing metabolism.


Assuntos
Ingestão de Energia , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/imunologia , Lisina/metabolismo , Necessidades Nutricionais , Sus scrofa/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/metabolismo , Imunização/veterinária , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Sus scrofa/imunologia
12.
Br J Radiol ; 86(1021): 18244135, 2013 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22960243

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: In three experiments, we studied the detection of multiple abnormality types using the satisfaction of search (SOS) paradigm, the provision of a computer-aided detection (CAD) of pulmonary nodules and a focused nodule detection task. METHODS: 51 chest CT examinations (24 that demonstrated subtle pulmonary nodules and 27 that demonstrated no pulmonary nodules) were read by 15 radiology residents and fellows under two experimental conditions: (1) when there were no other abnormalities present except test abnormalities in the exams (non-SOS condition), and (2) when other abnormalities were present in the exams (SOS condition). Trials from the two conditions were intermixed. Readers were invited to return for two sessions: one in which the SOS condition was repeated with a simulated CAD; another in which only the non-SOS condition was presented. Detection accuracy was measured using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: An SOS effect (reduced detection accuracy for the test nodules in the presence of the diverse added abnormalities) was not found. Average accuracy was much higher when the CAD prompt was provided, without cost in the detection of the added abnormalities. Accuracy for detecting nodules appearing without intermixed SOS trials was also substantially improved. CONCLUSIONS: CT interpretation was highly task dependent. Nodule detection was poor in the general search task. Therefore, CAD may offer a greater performance improvement than demonstrated in experiments assessing CAD using focused search. The absence of SOS may be due to limited nodule detection even without other abnormalities. Advances in knowledge CAD prompts of nodules increase the detection accuracy of nodules and decrease the time to detection-without impairing the detection accuracy-of non-nodule abnormalities.


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagem , Intensificação de Imagem Radiográfica/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador/métodos , Radiografia Torácica/métodos , Nódulo Pulmonar Solitário/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Reações Falso-Negativas , Humanos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
13.
Br J Radiol ; 86(1021): 20110799, 2013 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23239691

RESUMO

Objectives In three experiments, we studied the detection of multiple abnormality types using the satisfaction of search (SOS) paradigm, the provision of a computer-aided detection (CAD) of pulmonary nodules and a focused nodule detection task. Methods 51 chest CT examinations (24 that demonstrated subtle pulmonary nodules and 27 that demonstrated no pulmonary nodules) were read by 15 radiology residents and fellows under two experimental conditions: (1) when there were no other abnormalities present except test abnormalities in the exams (non-SOS condition), and (2) when other abnormalities were present in the exams (SOS condition). Trials from the two conditions were intermixed. Readers were invited to return for two sessions: one in which the SOS condition was repeated with a simulated CAD; another in which only the non-SOS condition was presented. Detection accuracy was measured using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results An SOS effect (reduced detection accuracy for the test nodules in the presence of the diverse added abnormalities) was not found. Average accuracy was much higher when the CAD prompt was provided, without cost in the detection of the added abnormalities. Accuracy for detecting nodules appearing without intermixed SOS trials was also substantially improved. Conclusions CT interpretation was highly task dependent. Nodule detection was poor in the general search task. Therefore, CAD may offer a greater performance improvement than demonstrated in experiments assessing CAD using focused search. The absence of SOS may be due to limited nodule detection even without other abnormalities. Advances in knowledge CAD prompts of nodules increase the detection accuracy of nodules and decrease the time to detection-without impairing the detection accuracy-of non-nodule abnormalities.


Assuntos
Algoritmos , Inteligência Artificial , Reconhecimento Automatizado de Padrão/métodos , Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador/métodos , Radiografia Torácica/métodos , Nódulo Pulmonar Solitário/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Intensificação de Imagem Radiográfica/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
14.
Meat Sci ; 92(2): 125-31, 2012 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22580090

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: Ninety six crossbred pigs were used in a 4×2×2 experiment to determine the influence of management strategy, moisture infusion and ageing on pork quality. The treatments were i) management strategy (MS) during the last 28days pre-slaughter ( CONTROL: conventional diet; Ractopamine (Rac): porcine somatotropin (pST); and combined (Rac+pST): Rac for 28days and pST for the final 14days), ii) moisture infusion (MI) (0% and 10%) and iii) ageing period (24h and 7days). L* was decreased by pST and Rac+pST, followed by Rac and then the CONTROL MS. Shear force was increased by Rac and Rac+pST but not by either pST or the CONTROL MS. MI decreased L* and shear force while ageing for 7days increased L* and yellowness, and decreased drip loss and WB shear force. MI or ageing for 7days improved sensory pork quality. The results from this experiment indicated that as expected MI and ageing can be used to improve pork quality.


Assuntos
Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Hormônio do Crescimento , Carne/análise , Fenetilaminas , Paladar , Água , Tecido Adiposo/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Animais , Cruzamento , Cor , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio do Crescimento/farmacologia , Humanos , Carne/normas , Fenetilaminas/farmacologia , Estresse Mecânico , Suínos
15.
Appetite ; 58(3): 997-1004, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22349778

RESUMO

This study evaluated the efficacy of a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) based intervention to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. The extent to which fruit and vegetable consumption and change in intake could be explained by the TPB was also examined. Participants were randomly assigned to two levels of intervention frequency matched for intervention content (low frequency n=92, high frequency n=102). Participants received TPB-based email messages designed to increase fruit and vegetable consumption, messages targeted attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control (PBC). Baseline and post-intervention measures of TPB variables and behaviour were collected. Across the entire study cohort, fruit and vegetable consumption increased by 0.83 servings/day between baseline and follow-up. Intention, attitude, subjective norm and PBC also increased (p<.05). The TPB successfully modelled fruit and vegetable consumption at both time points but not behaviour change. The increase of fruit and vegetable consumption is a promising preliminary finding for those primarily interested in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. However, those interested in theory development may have concerns about the use of this model to explain behaviour change in this context. More high quality experimental tests of the theory are needed to confirm this result.


Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Intenção , Adolescente , Adulto , Controle Comportamental , Correio Eletrônico , Ingestão de Energia , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Frutas , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Percepção , Teoria Psicológica , Resultado do Tratamento , Verduras , Adulto Jovem
16.
J Anim Sci ; 90 Suppl 4: 137-9, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23365308

RESUMO

Forty-two individually housed entire male pigs weighing 37.5 ± 0.15 kg (mean ± SEM) were used in a randomized block design having 7 dietary treatments (n = 6). The dietary treatments were 5 semisynthetic diets containing 350 g/kg of soybean (Glycine max) meal (SBM) with variable heat treatments (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 min autoclaved at 135°C), a protein free (N-free) diet, and an enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (EHC) diet. Heat treatment linearly decreased (P < 0.001) total Lys content from 27.5 to 19.2 g/kg and reactive Lys content from 23.4 to 11.7 g/kg. Apparent, standardized, and true ileal digestible total and reactive Lys contents linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing severity of heat treatment and were accurately predictable (P < 0.001) from total and reactive Lys content in heat-damaged SBM. These data indicate that excessive heat processing of SBM reduced both the content (P < 0.001) and digestibility (P < 0.001) of total and reactive Lys in SBM.


Assuntos
Digestão/fisiologia , Glycine max/química , Íleo/fisiologia , Lisina/metabolismo , Suínos/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Temperatura Alta , Lisina/análise , Masculino
17.
J Anim Sci ; 90 Suppl 4: 191-3, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23365326

RESUMO

This experiment examined if a higher ratio of dietary Trp:Lys in the absence of antimicrobials improves production indices and modulates diarrhea in weaned pigs infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Effects of the Trp:Lys ratio on plasma levels of Trp and its metabolite kynurenine (Kyn) were also examined. Individually housed mixed-sex pigs (n = 72) weaned at 21 d of age (Landrace × Large White; initial BW of 6.3 ± 0.32 kg) were stratified into 1 of 6 treatments (n = 12) according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of (i) infection or without infection with ETEC and (ii) 3 dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratios of 0.17, 0.21, or 0.26 in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed diets (10.4 MJ NE; 1.24% SID Lys; 19.5% CP) ad libitum for 3 wk after weaning. Pigs were infected with ETEC (O149:K98:K88) at 72, 96, and 120 h after weaning and then bled on day 11. A Trp:Lys ratio of 0.26 improved (P = 0.021) G:F over the study period compared to other ratios, without an infection effect (P > 0.05). Treatments did not affect ADG or ADFI (P > 0.05). Infection increased (P = 0.039) the diarrhea index and increased fecal consistency scores (P = 0.010). Plasma Trp and Kyn were lower (P < 0.001) in pigs fed 0.17 Trp:Lys than those fed ratios of 0.21 and 0.26 and were not affected (P > 0.05) by infection. In conclusion, in the absence of antimicrobials, increasing the dietary Trp:Lys ratio to 0.26 improved G:F after weaning and increased plasma levels of Trp and Kyn.


Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Cinurenina/sangue , Lisina/química , Triptofano/química , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta/veterinária , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Feminino , Lisina/farmacologia , Masculino , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/metabolismo , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologia , Triptofano/sangue , Triptofano/farmacologia
18.
J Anim Sci ; 90 Suppl 4: 362-5, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23365380

RESUMO

A split plot experiment with 72 male pigs weighing 52.9 ± 0.39 kg (mean ± SEM) was conducted to examine AA partitioning and body protein deposition (PD) in response to increasing dietary sulfur amino acids (SAA) with or without immune system (IS) activation. The main plot was with and without IS activation, and 4 diets containing different amounts of standardized ileal digestible (SID) SAA (SAA to Lys ratios of 0.45, 0.55, 0.65 and 0.75) were the subplots. Activation of IS was achieved by intramuscular injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS; serotype 055:B5, Sigma; 30 µg/kg BW) every Monday and Thursday, with control pigs injected with sterile saline. Maximum body PD, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and minimum plasma urea content were achieved at SID SAA:Lys ratio of 0.55 in saline-injected pigs but were achieved at a SID SAA:Lys ratio of 0.75 in IS-activated pigs. Immune system activation increased rectal temperature (P < 0.05), plasma haptoglobin (1.1 vs. 2.0 mg/mL; P < 0.001), and the proportion of neutrophils (0.39 vs. 0.42; P < 0.05) and decreased serum albumin content (38.4 vs. 36.8 g/L; P < 0.01). Increasing dietary SAA had no effects on these variables. Immune system-activated pigs had lower levels of homocysteine (Hcy; P < 0.001) and a lower Ser content (P < 0.05). Results showed that increasing dietary SAA as DL-methionine in growing and/or finishing pigs altered plasma AA contents, and that use efficiency of the AA was improved when greater levels of SAA were supplemented in IS-activated pigs.


Assuntos
Aminoácidos/sangue , Ração Animal/análise , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Proteínas/metabolismo , Suínos/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Composição Corporal , Dieta/veterinária , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimento
19.
J Anim Sci ; 89(9): 2782-92, 2011 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21512121

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether altering the timing of the secondary anti-gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) immunization closer to slaughter in male finishing pigs would reduce the increase in P2 fat depth (6.5 cm from the midline over the last rib), while still limiting the incidence of boar taint. Entire male pigs are immunized against GnRF to reduce the concentration of testicular steroids that in turn limits the incidence of boar taint. Additionally, testicle measurements and color measurements were taken to examine whether they could be used to differentiate nonimmunized entire males from immunized male pigs. A total of 175 Large White × Landrace entire male pigs aged 16 wk (59 kg of BW) were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatment groups based on the time that pigs received the secondary immunization before slaughter. Pigs were housed in groups of 7 and randomly allocated to 1 of 5 treatments with 5 replicates per treatment. The treatment groups were as follows: no secondary immunization before slaughter, and the secondary immunization given at 2, 3, 4, or 6 wk before slaughter. The P2 fat depth levels were reduced (P = 0.054) with the secondary immunization closer to slaughter (11.7, 11.3, 12.8, 12.6, and 13.7 mm for no secondary immunization, secondary immunization at 2, 3, 4, and 6 wk before slaughter, respectively). Androstenone concentration did not exceed the generally accepted industry sensory threshold of 1.0 µg/g of fat, and both androstenone concentration in the adipose tissue and testosterone concentrations in the blood were suppressed (P < 0.001) in all immunized pigs regardless of timing of the secondary immunization compared with pigs that did not receive the secondary immunization. Skatole concentration of all pigs in the experiment did not exceed the generally accepted industry sensory threshold of 0.2 µg/g. Testes weight was reduced (P < 0.001) with increased time between slaughter and the secondary immunization. Immunized pigs, regardless of time before slaughter, had greater L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) color of the testicle surface (P < 0.001 and P = 0.020, respectively), and less a* (redness) color compared with entire males (P < 0.001). The study provides further evidence of the efficacy of the anti-GnRF immunization and indicates that the secondary immunization can be moved closer to slaughter, while still limiting the incidence of boar taint. Testicle measurements and color measurements together could provide a method of discrimination between carcasses from immunized entire males clear of boar taint and tainted carcasses.


Assuntos
Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/fisiologia , Carne/normas , Suínos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tecido Adiposo/química , Tecido Adiposo/imunologia , Tecido Adiposo/fisiologia , Androsterona/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/imunologia , Imunização/veterinária , Masculino , Escatol/análise , Suínos/imunologia , Testículo/anatomia & histologia , Testículo/química , Testículo/fisiologia , Fatores de Tempo
20.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord ; 17(5): 328-32, 2011 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21317018

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Psychogenic movement disorders pose formidable challenges to diagnosis and treatment reflecting our limited understanding of the basic brain mechanisms that cause them. Recently, functional brain imaging has been utilized to study psychogenic movement disorders. OBJECTIVES: To identify characteristic patterns of cerebral perfusion distinguishing psychogenic tremor (PT) from essential tremor (ET). METHODS: We studied five patients each with PT, ET and normal controls. SPECT imaging was performed at rest and during a tremor-inducing motor task. RESULTS: In ET, rest imaging revealed increased rCBF (relative cerebral blood flow) in cerebellar hemispheres and left inferior frontal gyrus. During the motor task, ET patients demonstrated increased rCBF in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and contralateral motor cortex and reduced rCBF in the cerebellum and visual cortex. In contrast, PT images at rest revealed increased rCBF in left inferior frontal gyrus and left insula. Motor task imaging revealed increased rCBF in the cerebellum and reduced rCBF in anterior regions of the default mode network. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed distinct patterns of cerebral perfusion during rest and motor task that distinguish PT from ET. Deactivation of the default mode network may serve as a marker for psychogenic movement disorders.


Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Tremor Essencial/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos Psicofisiológicos/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Encéfalo/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
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