Identification of arylamine N-acetyltransferase inhibitors as an approach towards novel anti-tuberculars.

New anti-tubercular drugs and drug targets are urgently needed to reduce the time for treatment and also to identify agents that will be effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis persisting intracellularly. Mycobacteria have a unique cell wall. Deletion of the gene for arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) decreases mycobacterial cell wall lipids, particularly the distinctive mycolates, and also increases antibiotic susceptibility and killing within macrophage of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The nat gene and its associated gene cluster are almost identical in sequence in M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. The gene cluster is essential for intracellular survival of mycobacteria. We have therefore used pure NAT protein for high-throughput screening to identify several classes of small molecules that inhibit NAT activity. Here, we characterize one class of such molecules-triazoles-in relation to its effects on the target enzyme and on both M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. The most potent triazole mimics the effects of deletion of the nat gene on growth, lipid disruption and intracellular survival. We also present the structure-activity relationship between NAT inhibition and effects on mycobacterial growth, and use ligand-protein analysis to give further insight into the structure-activity relationships. We conclude that screening a chemical library with NAT protein yields compounds that have high potential as anti-tubercular agents and that the inhibitors will allow further exploration of the biochemical pathway in which NAT is involved.

An oxidatively-activated safety catch linker for solid phase synthesis.

A N-benzyl-4-amino-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid-based system has been developed as a new oxidatively activated safety catch linker for reaction monitoring and optimisation on solid support. The CAN promoted oxidative debenzylation of the tertiary N-benzylamine moiety, followed by concomitant cyclisation and release of alcohols and amines has been demonstrated both in solution phase model studies and on the solid phase. The linker system has been applied to the solid phase synthesis of a collection of phenol derivatives, and to the demonstration of the attachment and release of a chiral auxiliary from a solid support.

Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel small molecule inhibitors of bacterial arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs).

The synthesis and inhibitory activity of a series of 5-substituted-(1,1-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-1 lambda(6)-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-4-ylidene)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as competitive inhibitors of recombinant bacterial arylamine-N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are described. The most potent NAT inhibitors are those that contain planar hydrophobic substituents on the sultam nitrogen.

An approach to identifying novel substrates of bacterial arylamine N-acetyltransferases.

Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) catalyse the acetylation of arylamine, arylhydrazine and arylhydroxylamine substrates by acetyl Coenzyme A. NAT has been discovered in a wide range of eukaryotic and prokaryotic species. Although prokaryotic NATs have been implicated in xenobiotic metabolism, to date no endogenous role has been identified for the arylamine N-acetyl transfer reaction in prokaryotes. Investigating the substrate specificity of these enzymes is one approach to determining a possible endogenous role for prokaryotic NATs. We describe an accurate and efficient assay for NAT activity that is suitable for high-throughput screening of potential NAT ligands. This assay has been utilised to identify novel substrates for pure NAT from Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium smegmatis which show a relationship between the lipophilicity of the arylamine and its activity as a substrate. The lipophilic structure/activity relationship observed is proposed to depend on the topology of the active site using docking studies of the crystal structures of these NAT isoenzymes. The evidence suggests an endogenous role of NAT in the protection of bacteria from aromatic and lipophilic toxins.