Elicitation of nutritional, antioxidant, and antidiabetic potential of barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz) sprouts and microgreens through in vitro bio-accessibility assessment.

This study has redirected focus towards the untapped potential of millets, exploring their utilization as small-scale vegetables like sprouts and microgreens. This study assessed the metabolite profiles and therapeutic efficacy of barnyard millets as sprouts and microgreens for antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and bioaccessibility properties. Based on the study, sprouts contained 456.52 mg GE/g of starch and microgreens contained 470.04 mg GE/g of carbohydrates, whereas the gastric phase of microgreens showed 426.85 mg BSAE/g, 397.6 mg LE/g, 348.19 g RE/g, and 307.40 g AAE/g of proteins, amino acids, vitamin A and vitamin C respectively. Secondary metabolites were significantly concentrated in the microgreen stage which is responsible for their increased antioxidant and antidiabetic potential than sprouts. This study validated the therapeutic and nutritional value of millet sprouts and microgreens by demonstrating their significant nutritional composition.

Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. extract accelerates wound healing in Wistar albino rats in excision and incision models.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: An annual herb, Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. (Convolvulaceae) is widely used for its anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic properties in traditional medicine. As well as treating wounds, fever, skin disorders, and other ailments, it is also used for other purposes. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigated polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity, RP-HPLC, wound healing, and antioxidant enzyme activity. In terms of I. pes-tigridis potential for healing wounds, there is no scientific data available. Hence this study is designed to use animal models to investigate the ethnopharmacological report. MATERIALS METHODS: The crude extracts of stem and leaf were subjected to phytochemicals, TPC, TTC, TFC, and free radical scavenging assays (DPPH, ABTS, etc). Excision and incision models were used to assess wound healing using the screened extracts (IPLEA, IPLM, IPSEA, and IPSM). Various tissue parameters (hydroxyproline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid content), as well as antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, Catalase, GPX, LPO), were also examined. RESULTS: The maximum amount of polyphenolic content was found in IPLM (TPC- 118.86 ± 5.94 mg GAE/g, TTC - 75.25 ± 2.64 mg TAE/g, and TFC-25.73 ± 0.99 mg GAE/g) with significant IC50 value of 1.65 ± 0.87 µg/mL among all the extracts. Coumaric acid was reported high (92.86 mg/g) in RP-HPLC analysis of crude extract in IPLEA. The in vivo excision wound healing model revealed that 1% IPLM had better healing property with the maximum wound healing area (0.098 ± 0.03 cm) and wound concentration (95.56 ± 1.95%) was reported with the significance level of ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. In the incision model, IPLM represented maximum tensile strength (27500 gf). A significant functional effect of the granulation tissue parameters and enzyme antioxidants on the wound-healed area of dry tissue was also observed. Finally, the histopathological analysis showed enhanced re-epithelialization, fibroblast proliferation, and collagen synthesis in wound-treated animal tissue in both models. CONCLUSION: According to the present study, antioxidant-rich I. pes-tigridis promotes healthy cell regeneration while reducing inflammation and oxidative stress for wound healing. Additionally, it also enhances circulation and promotes healing.

Efficacy of Trevesia palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Vis. Extract on MG 63 cell lines and arthritis-induced animal models.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Despite widespread use of herbal remedies for treating arthritis and osteosarcoma, many plants are still not pharmacologically evaluated for their efficacy. Contrary to many non-steroidal, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and antineoplastic drugs that have adverse effects, phytotherapeutic compounds have promising benefits with fewer complications. In this study the unexplored Northeastern India indigenous plant Trevesia palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Vis. used in traditional medicine to cure bone fractures is chosen for studying anti-proliferative and anti-rheumatic properties. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study designed to explore the polyphenolic composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potential of T. palmata leaf extracts. Further, the cellular activity was studied using MG 63 osteoblast cell lines and pharmacologically evaluated using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro free radical scavenging activity, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of extracts were analyzed using standardized methods. The polyphenolic profiling and apoptosis inducing ability of T. palmata ethyl acetate (TPEA) extract on MG 63 osteoblast cell lines were analyzed. The in vivo pharmacological studies were carried out with low dose 250 mg/kg and high dose of 500 mg/kg of T. palmata. The biochemical and haematological parameters and in vivo antioxidant activity were evaluated for the control and treated groups. Radiological and histological study were done to understand the impact and penetration of inflammatory arthritis from tissues to joint bones. RESULTS: TPEA showed highest free radical scavenging activity (DPPH - 4.72 IC50, ABTS - 242.33 ± 6.81 mM TE/g extract), anti-inflammatory (40.04% inhibition of RBC lysis) and anti-arthritic activity (32.4% inhibition of protein denaturation) with the presence of gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin and naringenin. The TPEA extract inhibited cell proliferation of MG 63 osteoblast cells and induced apoptosis by arresting cell cycle at different phases. After acute toxicity studies the doses 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg were fixed and showed better results in CFA-induced arthritic animals. Thus, the extract phytoconstituents may have immense potential against chronic inflammation, joint ailments, bone cancer and arthritis which serves as a phytomedicine contrary to synthetic medications. CONCLUSIONS: The potential treatment of polyphenolic compounds in the T. palmata extract on osteosarcoma and arthritis was demonstrated from this study. Thus, cellular inflammatory infiltrates are significantly reduced in bone and joint tissues as well.

α-Glucosidase, α-amylase inhibition kinetics, in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion, and apoptosis inducing abilities of Ficus microcarpa L. f. and Ficus racemosa L. fruit polysaccharides.

A rich source of nutrients, figs have a number of clinically validated benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and the antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Ficus microcarpa (FMP) and F. racemosa (FRP) fruits polysaccharides. The pre-digested FMP revealed higher sugar content (721 ± 14.81 mg glucose equivalents/g sample) than FRP. After in vitro digestion, isolated fruit polysaccharides showed effective uptake with over 80% sugar loss. Free radicals and enzymatic inhibition after gastric digestion have been significantly modified, demonstrating the effective absorption of FMP and FRP through the intestine. Conversely, after the continuous digestion, the nutritional content of the isolated polysaccharides was gradually decreased compared to the pre-digested sample. At 30 µg/mL concentration of FMP and FRP was inhibited by 50% of breast cancer cells. The present study reveals the potential uptake of FMP and FRP as nutritional supplements in the future.

Antioxidant and Antivenom Potential of an Essential Oil, 4-(2-Oxo-propyl)-cyclopentane-1,3-dione, and Allantoin Derived from the Polyherbal Combination of Aristolochia indica L. and Piper nigrum L.

The goal of this study was to identify new compounds from a methanol extract of a polyherbal combination of Aristolochia indica L. and Piper nigrum L. (MECAIPN), two traditional medicinal plants used to cure envenomation, as well as to assess their antioxidant and antivenom properties. MECAIPN yielded EA1 (an essential oil), AA2 (4-(2-oxo-propyl)-cyclopentane-1,3-dione), and W3 ((2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)-urea) (Allantoin). Although EA1 had stronger radical scavenging activity, AA2 had higher DPPH and ferric ion radical scavenging activity, and W3 had higher molybdenum ion radical scavenging activity due to being a single molecule, the binding investigation revealed that EA1 has a greater Stern-Volmer quenching constant (Ksv) than AA2 and W3. Synchronous measurements indicated that EA1, AA2, and W3 bind to tryptophan and tyrosine residues in venom, causing denaturation of the secondary structure of the residue. Finally, the current study concludes that EA1 has more therapeutic antivenom potential, which could be related to the synergism of chemicals found in it. When it came to single compounds, AA2 had stronger antioxidant and antivenom capabilities than W3. To understand the mechanism of action and manufacture the green antivenom medication, more testing of the EA1 and compounds remains required.

Understanding the bioaccessibility, α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition kinetics of Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Br. ex Wight polyphenols during in vitro simulated digestion.

This study renewed focus on Allmania nodiflora, a green leafy vegetable with diverse nutritional and medicinal properties. The bioaccessibility and the impact of in vitro simulated digestion on polyphenolics were investigated and identified using LC-MS. Although in vitro digestion reduced polyphenolics, the pancreatic digested sample showed a significant bioaccessibility of 97% with better metal ion binding activity (99%). Increased α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition (>45%) potentials were also observed in the digested samples. The presence of compounds such as rutin, caffeic acid, catechin, saikosaponin was also identified to be responsible for the enzyme inhibition against postprandial hyperglycemia. These results indicated that the pH of the digestive buffers is responsible for the structural changes in polyphenols for assimilation in the intestine. Hence, A. nodiflora leaf could serve as a functional food having higher assimilated polyphenolics with abundant therapeutic potential, which would be indispensible for future nutraceutical product development from green leafy vegetables.

Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer.

Cancer is one of the greatest life-threatening diseases conventionally treated using chemo- and radio-therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to eradicate different types of cancers. PDT requires the administration of photosensitisers (PSs) and photoactivation using a specific wavelength of light in the presence of molecular oxygen. This photoactivation exerts an anticancer effect via apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of cancer cells. Recently, various natural compounds that exhibit photosensitising potentials have been identified. Photoactive substances derived from medicinal plants have been found to be safe in comparison with synthetic compounds. Many articles have focused on PDT mechanisms and types of PSs, but limited attention has been paid to the phototoxic activities of phytocompounds. The reduced toxicity and side effects of natural compounds inspire the researchers to identify and use plant extracts or phytocompounds as a potent natural PS candidate for PDT. This review focusses on the importance of common photoactive groups (furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, curcumins, alkaloids, and anthraquinones), their phototoxic effects, anticancer activity and use as a potent PS for an effective PDT outcome in the treatment of various cancers.

Evaluation of Aristolochia indica L. and Piper nigrum L. methanol extract against centipede Scolopendra moristans L. using Wistar albino rats and screening of bioactive compounds by high pressure liquid chromatography: a polyherbal formulation.

The present study was aimed to explore the anti-venom activity of Aristolochia indica and Piper nigrum plants against the centipede (Scolopendra moristans) envenomation in animal model. In vtiro phytochemical, antioxidant and blocking of proteolysis were carried out by using standard spectrophotometric methods. In vivo anti-venom activity of methanol extracts was determined using Wistar albino rats after fixing lethal and effective doses. The electrolytes, lipid, liver, kidney, hematological parameters were analyzed and histopathology of skin and liver were also examined. Anti-skin cancer by MTT method and HPLC analysis were also carried out. The CAIPN extract showed higher total phenolics (150.65 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (158.97 ± 0.93 mg RE/g extract) content. Further, the same extract revealed the higher molybdenum reducing, inhibition of lipid peroxidation (80.08 ± 0.22%), DPPH radical scavenging (3.05 µg/mL), and blocking of proteolysis activities (96.45 ± 0.04%). The parameters like hypersensitivity, electrolytes, lipids, blood components, liver and kidney marker of the CAIPN methanol extract (200 mg/kg) treated envenomated rats was remarkable and same as in the normal animals. Such status was also achieved by RBAI and SPN at 600 mg/kg. The histopathological scoring of skin and liver confirmed the venom neutralizing activity of CAIPN. Also, the CAIPN methanol extract was notable in anti-skin cancer activity (208 µg/mL). The presence of the ferulic acid (04 ± 0.09 µg/mg) and quercetin (35.30 ± 0.30 µg/mg) like compounds was confirmed by HPLC analysis. Hence, the present investigation results conclude that the CAIPN was significant in their action and this polyherbal formulation could be considered as a new source for the pharmaceutical industries to develop a new effective, ecofriendly anti-venom drug.

Chemical profiling of Pterolobium hexapetalum leaves by HPLC analysis and its productive wound healing activities in rats.

Research on wound healing agents is one of the developing areas in modern biomedical sciences. Several drugs have been used in the management of wounds and a large variety of treatment modalities are available for wound repair. Among these medicines, herbal origin has been the basis of treatment and cure for healing of wounds. Pterolobium hexapetalum is well known medicinal plant of Caesalpiniaceae family was used by many tribal groups for wound treatment in India. Different extracts of P. hexapetalum leaves are evaluated for its antiradical activity and in vivo wound healing activity by excision, incision, and dead space wound models in Wistar rats, further respective phyto constituents are profiled using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. In this present study methanol extract of leaves depicted the maximum amount of phenolics and flavonoids content and also registered highest DPPH (IC50: 3.40µg/mL), ABTS+(8869.36µM TE/g extract) and Superoxide (87.72%) radical scavenging activity. Methanolic leaf extract are further studied for wound healing property, highest wound contraction percentage and lowest epithelialization period (16.33days) of 5% methanolic extract treated group exhibits highest wound healing activity compare to control group and it was confirmed by histopathology results and scoring analysis. Maximum tensile strain (110.69%) of incision and highest hydroxyproline (16.28mg/g) content of dead space wound model are comparable with standard 5% Neomycin. HPLC employed quantification of phyto constituents explores the presence of catechin (367.54µg/mg), caffeic acid (87µg/mg), rutin (289.20µg/mg), quercetin (239.39µg/mg) and naringenin (24.42µg/mg). From the results leaves of P. hexapetalum significantly stimulate wound contraction, braking strength and hydroxyproline content of treated group. It showed remarkable wound healing activity and may be recommended for treating various type of wound.