The contrasting phenotypes of neutrophils during asymptomatic versus symptomatic Leishmania braziliensis infection.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms that mediate immune protection in individuals with subclinical (SC) or asymptomatic infection with L. braziliensis are largely unknown. Neutrophils (PMNs) have been implicated in progressive symptomatic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), but their potential participation in maintenance of subclinical infection is unexplored. The aim of this study was to compare the phenotypic and functional profiles of PMNs in individuals with SC infection versus patients with symptomatic CL due to L. braziliensis. METHODS: Subjects were recruited in the endemic region of Corte de Pedra, Bahia, Brazil. Surface markers to define activation status were characterized by flow cytometry. Functional responses of PMNs including phagocytic capacity, production of oxidative species, and oxidative killing of intracellular parasites were studied in vitro. RESULTS: PMNs from individuals with SC infection displayed a more activated phenotype and greater ability to control the infection than PMNs from patients with CL. In contrast, PMNs from patients with CL exhibited higher expression of HLA-DR and higher production of oxidative species than PMNs from subjects with SC infection. CONCLUSION: PMNs from individuals with SC infection can control the infection more efficiently than PMNs from patients with CL, despite the lower production of oxidants. Our observations suggest that L. braziliensis may evade microbicidal mechanisms of PMNs from patients with CL, contributing to parasite dissemination and the establishment of disease.

A incontinência urinária nas fases de climatério e menopausa: Efeitos, Consequências e Aceitação / Urinary incontinence in the climacteric and menopause phases: Effects, Consequences and Acceptance

Este trabalho traz a reflexão, através de conhecimentos multidisciplinares, sobre a incontinência urinária em decorrência da menopausa. Conceitua, a critério de informação, as diferentes fases que compõem o período de finalização da menstruação, experenciadas pelo público feminino, mais especificamente o climatério, pré-menopausa, menopausa e pós-menopausa. A discussão tem o objetivo de encontrar alternativas de comunicação e interação com a mulher em menopausa e trabalhar todos os sintomas possíveis encontrados nesta fase da vida, para que ela perceba a importância e a necessidade de procurar ajuda médica, informações inerentes ao tema, para uma melhor qualidade de vida, saúde e segurança nas suas transformações físicas e psíquicas. Reflete-se também sobre a realidade da mulher, os efeitos e impactos da menopausa na vida dela e a incontinência urinária como efeito dessa passagem. Como elas enfrentam essa condição no dia a dia e a insegurança que carregam ao viverem esse momento de transformação e 'perdas' relacionadas. Por isso, os profissionais debatem sobre a importância da comunicação e da disseminação da informação como caminhos para auxiliar na compreensão desse público a tudo relacionado à condição de incontinência urinária, em especial na menopausa. Os temas também debatem sobre a rede de apoio e o papel de cada um na percepção das mulheres ao que elas devem fazer, como fazer e por que fazer os tratamentos preventivos ou remediativos. É ciclo natural da vivência da mulher, mas os sintomas e efeitos não podem ser naturalizados, por isso a necessidade de se entender o panorama da incontinência urinária, nível Brasil, na vida das mulheres em menopausa.(AU)

This work brings reflection, through multidisciplinary knowledge, on urinary incontinence due to menopause. It conceptualizes, at the discretion of information, the different phases that make up the period of completion of menstruation, experienced by the female public, more specifically the climacteric, pre-menopause, menopause and post-menopause. The purpose of the discussion is to find alternatives for communication and interaction with women undergoing menopause and to work on all the possible symptoms found in this phase of life, so that she realizes the importance and need to seek medical help, information inherent to the subject, for a better quality of life, health and safety in their physical and mental transformations. It also reflects on the reality of women, the effects and impacts of menopause on her life and urinary incontinence as an effect of this transition. How they face this condition on a daily basis and the insecurity they carry when experiencing this moment of transformation and related 'losses'. Therefore, professionals discuss the importance of communication and dissemination of information as ways to help this public understand everything related to the condition of urinary incontinence, especially in menopause. The themes also discuss the support network and the role of each one in the women's perception of what they should do, how to do it and why to do preventive or remedial treatments. It is a natural cycle of women's experience, but the symptoms and effects cannot be naturalized, hence the need to understand the panorama of urinary incontinence, at the level of Brazil, in the lives of women undergoing menopause.(AU)

Este trabajo trae la reflexión, a través del conocimiento multidisciplinario, sobre la incontinencia urinaria por menopausia. Conceptualiza, a criterio de la información, las diferentes fases que componen el período de finalización de la menstruación, experimentado por el público femenino, más específicamente el climaterio, la premenopausia, la menopausia y la posmenopausia. El propósito de la charla es encontrar alternativas de comunicación e interacción con la mujer en la menopausia y trabajar todos los síntomas posibles encontrados en esta etapa de la vida, para que ella se dé cuenta de la importancia y necesidad de buscar ayuda médica, información inherente al tema. , para una mejor calidad de vida, salud y seguridad en sus transformaciones físicas y mentales. También reflexiona sobre la realidad de la mujer, los efectos e impactos de la menopausia en su vida y la incontinencia urinaria como efecto de esta transición. Cómo enfrentan esta condición en el día a día y la inseguridad que cargan al vivir este momento de transformación y las 'pérdidas' relacionadas. Por lo tanto, los profesionales discuten la importancia de la comunicación y la difusión de información como formas de ayudar a este público a comprender todo lo relacionado con la condición de incontinencia urinaria, especialmente en la menopausia. Los temas también discuten la red de apoyo y el papel de cada uno en la percepción de las mujeres sobre lo que deben hacer, cómo hacerlo y por qué hacer tratamientos preventivos o curativos. Es un ciclo natural de la experiencia de la mujer, pero los síntomas y los efectos no se pueden naturalizar, de ahí la necesidad de comprender el panorama de la incontinencia urinaria, a nivel de Brasil, en la vida de las mujeres en fase de menopausia.(AU)

Oligocat: Oligoesters as Pseudo-Homogenous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis.

Biodiesel production from first-generation feedstock has shown a strong correlation with the increase in deforestation and the necessity of larger areas for land farming. Recent estimation from the European Federation for Transport and Environment evidenced that since the 2000s decade, an area equal to the Netherlands was deforested to supply global biodiesel demand, mainly originating from first-generation feedstock. Nevertheless, biodiesel is renewable, and it can be a greener source of energy than petroleum. A promising approach to make biodiesel independent from large areas of farming is to shift as much as possible the biodiesel production chain to second and third generations of feedstock. The second generation presents three main advantages, where it does not compete with the food industry, its commercial value is negligible, or none, and its usage as feedstock for biodiesel production reduces the overall waste disposal. In this manuscript, we present an oligomeric catalyst designed to be multi-functional for second-generation feedstock transesterification reactions, mainly focusing our efforts to optimize the conversion of tallow fat and sauteing oil to FAME and FAEE, applying our innovative catalyst. Named as Oligocat, our catalyst acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid catalyst, providing protons to the reaction medium, and at the same time, with the course of the reaction, it sequesters glycerol molecules from the medium and changes its physical phase during the transesterification reaction. With this set of properties, Oligocat presents a pseudo-homogenous behavior, reducing the purification and separation steps of the biodiesel process production. Reaction conditions were optimized applying a 42 factorial planning. The output parameter evaluated was the conversion rate of triacylglycerol to mono alkyl esters, measured through gel permeation chromatography (GPC). After the optimization studies, a conversion yield of 96.7 (±1.9) wt% was achieved, which allows classifying the obtained mono alkyl esters as biodiesel by ASTM D6751 or EN 14214:2003. After applying the catalyst in three reaction cycles, Oligocat still presented a conversion rate above 96.5 wt% and as well an excellent recovery rate.

Synthesis and Chemical Functionalization of Pseudo-Homogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Production-Oligocat.

With the increase in global demand for biodiesel, first generation feedstock has drawn the attention of governmental institutions due to the correlation with large land farming areas. The second and third feedstock generations are greener feedstock sources, nevertheless, they require different catalytic conditions if compared with first generation feedstock. In this work, we present the synthesis and characterization of oligoesters matrices and their functionalization to act as a pseudo-homogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production, named Oligocat. The main advantage of Oligocat is given due to its reactional medium interaction. Initially, oligocat is a solid catalyst soluble in the alcoholic phase, acting as a homogeneous catalyst, providing better mass transfer of the catalytic groups to the reaction medium, and as the course of the reaction happens, Oligocat migrates to the glycerol phase, also providing the advantage of easy separation of the biodiesel. Oligocat was synthesized through polymerization of aromatic hydroxy acids, followed by a chemical functionalization applying the sulfonation technique. Characterization of the catalysts was carried out by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesized oligomers presented 5357 g·mol-1 (Mw) and 3909 g·mol-1 (Mn), with a moderate thermal resistance of approximately 175 °C. By sulfonation reaction, it was possible to obtain a high content of sulphonic groups of nearly 70 mol%, which provided the catalytic activity to the oligomeric matrix. With the mentioned physical-chemical properties, Oligocat is chemically designed to convert second generation feedstock to biodiesel efficiently. Preliminary investigation using Oligocat for biodiesel production resulted in conversion rates higher than 96.5 wt.%.

Perfil do psicólogo residente e atuante em João Monlevade (MG): perfil do psicólogo monlevadense / Profile of the resident and acting psychologist in João Monlevade, Minas Gerais / Perfil del psicólogo residente y actuante en João Monlevade, Minas Gerais

Resumo Este estudo realizou um levantamento do perfil do psicólogo residente e atuante no município de João Monlevade (MG). Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritivo-quantitativa, na qual a obtenção de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário autopreenchido online. Participaram da pesquisa 35 psicólogos inscritos e ativos no Conselho Regional de Psicologia de Minas Gerais, residentes em João Monlevade, independentemente do sexo e da faixa etária. Após a coleta, os dados foram organizados, tabulados e analisados por meio de uma análise estatística. Os resultados demonstram que a maioria dos profissionais são mulheres, adultos jovens e graduados na rede de ensino privada. Tais profissionais tendem a atuar nas áreas clínica e organizacional, utilizando a abordagem psicanalítica. Grande parte atua exclusivamente em psicologia, exerce trabalho autônomo e de consultoria. Embora haja limitações, o estudo apresenta maior porcentagem de psicólogos que recebem salários inferiores quando comparado com outras pesquisas e corrobora com as mesmas em outras questões.

Abstract This study aimed to carry out a survey of the profile of the resident and active psychologist in the region of João Monlevade, Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a descriptive quantitative research, the data collection was performed through a self-completed online questionnaire with 35 psychologists enrolled and active in the Regional Psychology Council of Minas Gerais, residents of João Monlevade, regardless of gender and age group. The data collected was organized, tabulated and analyzed by a statistical analysis. The results indicates that most of the professionals are women, young adults, graduates of the private education system, tend to work in the clinical and organizational areas and use the psychoanalytic approach. Most of them work exclusively in psychology, autonomously and as consultants. Although there are limitations in the research, the study presents a higher percentage of psychologists who receive lower salaries when compared to other researches and corroborates with them in other subjects.

Resumen Este estudio objetivó realizar un levantamiento del perfil del psicólogo residente y actuante en el municipio de João Monlevade, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se trata de una investigación cuntativa descriptiva, la obtención de datos se realizó a través de un cuestionario auto rellenado en línea. Participaron 35 psicólogos inscritos y activos en el Consejo Regional de Psicología de Minas Gerais, residentes en João Monlevade, independientemente del sexo y del grupo de edad. Después de la recolección, los datos fueron organizados, tabulados y analizados por medio de un análisis estadístico. Los resultados demuestran que la mayoría de los profesionales son mujeres, adultos jóvenes y graduados en la red privada. Tenden actuar en las áreas clínica y organizacional y utilizar el abordaje psicoanalítico. Gran parte actúa exclusivamente en psicología, ejerce trabajo autónomo y de consultoría. Aunque hay limitaciones, el estudio presenta un mayor porcentaje de psicólogos que reciben salarios inferiores cuando se compara con otras investigaciones y corrobora con las mismas en otras cuestiones.

Immunity to Lutzomyia whitmani Saliva Protects against Experimental Leishmania braziliensis Infection.

BACKGROUND: Previous works showed that immunization with saliva from Lutzomyia intermedia, a vector of Leishmania braziliensis, does not protect against experimental infection. However, L. braziliensis is also transmitted by Lutzomyia whitmani, a sand fly species closely related to Lu. intermedia. Herein we describe the immune response following immunization with Lu. whitmani saliva and the outcome of this response after L. braziliensis infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS: BALB/c mice immunized with Lu. whitmani saliva developed robust humoral and cellular immune responses, the latter characterized by an intense cellular infiltrate and production of IFN-γ and IL-10, by both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Mice immunized as above and challenged with L. braziliensis plus Lu. whitmani saliva displayed significantly smaller lesions and parasite load at the challenge site. This protection was associated with a higher (p<0.05) IFN-γ production in response to SLA stimulation. Long-term persisting immunity was also detected in mice immunized with Lu. whitmani saliva. Furthermore, individuals residing in an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presented antibody responses to Lu. whitmani saliva. However CL patients, with active lesions, displayed a lower humoral response to Lu. whitmani saliva compared to individuals with subclinical Leishmania infection. CONCLUSION: Pre-exposure to Lu. whitmani saliva induces protection against L. braziliensis in a murine model. We also show that Lu. whitmani salivary proteins are immunogenic in naturally exposed individuals. Our results reinforce the importance of investigating the immunomodulatory effect of saliva from different species of closely related sand flies.

Characterization of Neutrophil Function in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis.

Infection with different Leishmania spp. protozoa can lead to a variety of clinical syndromes associated in many cases with inflammatory responses in the skin. Although macrophages harbor the majority of parasites throughout chronic infection, neutrophils are the first inflammatory cells to migrate to the site of infection. Whether neutrophils promote parasite clearance or exacerbate disease in murine models varies depending on the susceptible or resistant status of the host. Based on the hypothesis that neutrophils contribute to a systemic inflammatory state in humans with symptomatic L. braziliensis infection, we evaluated the phenotype of neutrophils from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) during the course of L. braziliensis infection. After in vitro infection with L. braziliensis, CL patient neutrophils produced more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and higher levels of CXCL8 and CXCL9, chemokines associated with recruitment of neutrophils and Th1-type cells, than neutrophils from control healthy subjects (HS). Despite this, CL patient and HS neutrophils were equally capable of phagocytosis of L. braziliensis. There was no difference between the degree of activation of neutrophils from CL versus healthy subjects, assessed by CD66b and CD62L expression using flow cytometry. Of interest, these studies revealed that both parasite-infected and bystander neutrophils became activated during incubation with L. braziliensis. The enhanced ROS and chemokine production in neutrophils from CL patients reverted to baseline after treatment of disease. These data suggest that the circulating neutrophils during CL are not necessarily more microbicidal, but they have a more pro-inflammatory profile after parasite restimulation than neutrophils from healthy subjects.

Immunologic Markers of Protection in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection: A 5-Year Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The control of Leishmania braziliensis by individuals with subclinical infection (SC) are unknown. METHODS: A cohort of 308 household contacts (HCs) of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) was established in 2010 in an endemic area and followed up for 5 years. Whole-blood cultures stimulated with soluble Leishmania antigen and a Leishmania skin test (LST) were performed in years 0, 2, and 4. The identification of the lymphocyte subsets secreting interferon (IFN) γ and the ability of monocytes to control Leishmania were determined. RESULTS: During follow-up, 118 subjects (38.3%) had evidence of L. braziliensis infection. Of the HCs, CL was documented in 45 (14.6%), 101 (32.8%) had SC infection, and 162 (52.6%) did not have evidence of exposure to L. braziliensis The ratio of infection to disease was 3.2:1. IFN-γ production, mainly by natural killer cells, was associated with protection, and a positive LST result did not prevent development of disease. Moreover, monocytes from subjects with SC infection were less permissive to parasite penetration and had a greater ability to control L. braziliensis than cells from patients with CL. CONCLUSIONS: Protection against CL was associated with IFN-γ production, negative LST results, impaired ability of Leishmania to penetrate monocytes, and increased ability to control Leishmania growth.

Repeated exposure to Lutzomyia intermedia sand fly saliva induces local expression of interferon-inducible genes both at the site of injection in mice and in human blood.

During a blood meal, Lutzomyia intermedia sand flies transmit Leishmania braziliensis, a parasite causing tegumentary leishmaniasis. In experimental leishmaniasis, pre-exposure to saliva of most blood-feeding sand flies results in parasite establishment in absence of any skin damages in mice challenged with dermotropic Leishmania species together with saliva. In contrast, pre-immunization with Lu. intermedia salivary gland sonicate (SGS) results in enhanced skin inflammatory exacerbation upon co-inoculation of Lu. intermedia SGS and L. braziliensis. These data highlight potential unique features of both L. braziliensis and Lu. intermedia. In this study, we investigated the genes modulated by Lu. intermedia SGS immunization to understand their potential impact on the subsequent cutaneous immune response following inoculation of both SGS and L. braziliensis. The cellular recruitment and global gene expression profile was analyzed in mice repeatedly inoculated or not with Lu. intermedia. Microarray gene analysis revealed the upregulation of a distinct set of IFN-inducible genes, an immune signature not seen to the same extent in control animals. Of note this INF-inducible gene set was not induced in SGS pre-immunized mice subsequently co-inoculated with SGS and L. braziliensis. These data suggest the parasite prevented the upregulation of this Lu. intermedia saliva-related immune signature. The presence of these IFN-inducible genes was further analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) sampled from uninfected human individuals living in a L. braziliensis-endemic region of Brazil thus regularly exposed to Lu. intermedia bites. PBMCs were cultured in presence or absence of Lu. intermedia SGS. Using qRT-PCR we established that the IFN-inducible genes induced in the skin of SGS pre-immunized mice, were also upregulated by SGS in PBMCs from human individuals regularly exposed to Lu. intermedia bites, but not in PBMCs of control subjects. These data demonstrate that repeated exposure to Lu. intermedia SGS induces the expression of potentially host-protective IFN-inducible genes.

Função fraterna: reflexões a partir do filme Príncipe das Marés / Fraternal function: reflections based on the movie The prince of tides / Función fraterna: reflexiones a partir de la película Príncipe de las marés

Somente a partir do século XXI surge um interesse maior pelo estudo da fratria na área da Psicologia. Neste trabalho, propõe-se desenvolver um estudo teórico na perspectiva psicanalítica, buscando analisar a importância da relação fraterna na estruturação do psiquismo do sujeito e a relevância da presença do irmão no compartilhamento de uma história comum ao longo da vida. São utilizados os conceitos de autores clássicos, como Freud e Lacan, e ainda de outros teóricos contemporâneos, como Kaës, Kancyper e Kehl. Para complementar a discussão, analisa-se a relação entre os irmãos, retratada no filme intitulado "Príncipe das marés", no qual um irmão-gêmeo é convidado a ajudar no tratamento do quadro depressivo da sua irmã, a partir do resgate de sua memória e história de vida(AU)

It is only in the 21 st century that emerges the interest in studying brotherhood in the field of Psychology. The goal of the present work is to develop a theoretical study, from a psychoanalytic perspective, analyzing the importance of fraternal relationships in the structuring of subjects' psyche and the relevance of siblings' presence in sharing common stories throughout life. We adopt concepts from classical authors, such as Freud and Lacan, as well as other contemporary authors such as Kaës, Kancyper e Kehl. In order to complement the discussion, we analyze the siblings' relationship portrayed in the movie "The Prince of Tides", in which a man is requested to participate in the treatment of her depressive twin sister, rescuing her memory and life history(AU)

Solamente a partir del siglo XXI surge un interés mayor por el estudio de la fratria en la área de la Psicología. En este trabajo, se propone desarollar un estudio teórico en la perspectiva psicoanalítica, buscando analisar la importancia de la relación fraterna en la estructuración del psiquismo del sujeto y la relevancia de la presencia del hermano en el compartimiento de una historia común, al largo de la vida. Son utilizados los conceptos de autores clásicos como Freud y Lacan y aún otros autores contemporâneos, como Kaës, Kancyper e Kehl. Para complementar la discusión, se analisa la relación entre los hermanos, retratada en la película intitulada "Príncipe das Marés", en la cual uno de los hermanos gemelos es invitado a ayudar en el tratamiento del cuadro depresivo de su hermana, a partir del rescate de su memoria e historia de vida(AU)

Função fraterna: reflexões a partir do filme Príncipe das Marés / Fraternal function: reflections based on the movie The prince of tides / Función fraterna: reflexiones a partir de la película Príncipe de las marés

Somente a partir do século XXI surge um interesse maior pelo estudo da fratria na área da Psicologia. Neste trabalho, propõe-se desenvolver um estudo teórico na perspectiva psicanalítica, buscando analisar a importância da relação fraterna na estruturação do psiquismo do sujeito e a relevância da presença do irmão no compartilhamento de uma história comum ao longo da vida. São utilizados os conceitos de autores clássicos, como Freud e Lacan, e ainda de outros teóricos contemporâneos, como Kaës, Kancyper e Kehl. Para complementar a discussão, analisa-se a relação entre os irmãos, retratada no filme intitulado "Príncipe das marés", no qual um irmão-gêmeo é convidado a ajudar no tratamento do quadro depressivo da sua irmã, a partir do resgate de sua memória e história de vida.

It is only in the 21 st century that emerges the interest in studying brotherhood in the field of Psychology. The goal of the present work is to develop a theoretical study, from a psychoanalytic perspective, analyzing the importance of fraternal relationships in the structuring of subjects' psyche and the relevance of siblings' presence in sharing common stories throughout life. We adopt concepts from classical authors, such as Freud and Lacan, as well as other contemporary authors such as Kaës, Kancyper e Kehl. In order to complement the discussion, we analyze the siblings' relationship portrayed in the movie "The Prince of Tides", in which a man is requested to participate in the treatment of her depressive twin sister, rescuing her memory and life history.

Solamente a partir del siglo XXI surge un interés mayor por el estudio de la fratria en la área de la Psicología. En este trabajo, se propone desarollar un estudio teórico en la perspectiva psicoanalítica, buscando analisar la importancia de la relación fraterna en la estructuración del psiquismo del sujeto y la relevancia de la presencia del hermano en el compartimiento de una historia común, al largo de la vida. Son utilizados los conceptos de autores clásicos como Freud y Lacan y aún otros autores contemporâneos, como Kaës, Kancyper e Kehl. Para complementar la discusión, se analisa la relación entre los hermanos, retratada en la película intitulada "Príncipe das Marés", en la cual uno de los hermanos gemelos es invitado a ayudar en el tratamiento del cuadro depresivo de su hermana, a partir del rescate de su memoria e historia de vida.

IFN-γ production to leishmania antigen supplements the leishmania skin test in identifying exposure to L. braziliensis infection.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. braziliensis (CL) is characterized by a positive delayed type hypersensitivity test (DTH) leishmania skin test (LST) and high IFN-γ production to soluble leishmania antigen (SLA). The LST is used for diagnosis of CL and for identification of individuals exposed to leishmania infection but without disease. The main aim of the present study was to identify markers of exposure to L. braziliensis infection. METHODOLGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This cohort study enrolled 308 household contacts (HC) of 76 CL index cases. HC had no active or past history of leishmaniasis. For the present cross-sectional study cytokines and chemokines were determined in supernatants of whole blood culture stimulated with SLA. Of the 308 HC, 36 (11.7%) had a positive LST but in these IFN-γ was only detected in 22 (61.1%). Moreover of the 40 HC with evidence of IFN-γ production only 22 (55%) had a positive LST. A total of 54 (17.5%) of 308 HC had specific immune response to SLA. Only a moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.36-0.66) was found between LST and IFN-γ production. Moreover while enhancement of CXCL10 in cultures stimulated with SLA was observed in HC with DTH+ and IFN-γ+ and in patients with IFN-γ(+) and DTH(-), no enhancement of this chemokine was observed in supernatants of cells of HC with DTH(+) and IFN-γ(-). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that in addition of LST, the evaluation of antigen specific IFN-γ production should be performed to determine evidence of exposure to leishmania infection. Moreover it suggests that in some HC production of IFN-γ and CXCL10 are performed by cells not involved with DTH reaction.

Considerações sobre a organização de uma escola de enfermeiras / Reflections on the organization of a nursing school / Consideraciones sobre la organización de una escuela de enfermeras

O Fac-Símile em tela de autoria de Bertha Pullen, à então diretora da atual Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, em sua segunda gestão (1934-1938), foi publicado na Revista Annaes de Enfermagem, ano IV, novembro de 1936, n.08, paginas 2 a 9. ...

O sindicato dos enfermeiros do Rio de Janeiro no movimento social em torno da constituição de 1988 / The Rio de Janeiro's nursing syndicate in the social movement around the constitution of 1988 / El sindicato de los enfermeros de Río de Janeiro en el movimiento social en torno de la constitución de 1988

trata-se de um estudo histórico-social, que em como objeto: as atividades desenvolvidas pela Diretoria do Sindicato dos Enfermeiros do Rio de Janeiro (SERJ) no movimento constituinte e como objetivos: identificar as atividades desenvolvidas pelo SERJ no moviemnto social em torno da Constituinte; analisar as propostas específicas para a categoria encaminhadas pelo SERJ e discutir os limites e possibilidades da atuação da diretoria no movimento cosntituinte. O espaço temporal (1986-1988) compreende o período de convocação, elaboração e promulgação da Constituição de 1988. A metodologia empregada é a análise documental e as fontes primárias são: documentos do sindicato (atas de reuniões de diretoria e documentos oficiais expedidos e recebidos)....