Amyloid beta-protein: experiment and theory on the 21-30 fragment.

The structure of the 21-30 fragment of the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) was investigated by ion mobility mass spectrometry and replica exchange dynamics simulations. Mutations associated with familial Alzheimer's disease (E22G, E22Q, E22K, and D23N) of Abeta(21-30) were also studied, in order to understand any structural changes that might occur with these substitutions. The structure of the WT peptide shows a bend and a perpendicular turn in the backbone which is maintained by a network of D23 hydrogen bonding. Results for the mutants show that substitutions at E22 do little to alter the overall structure of the fragment. A substitution at D23 resulted in a change of structure for Abeta(21-30). A comparison of these gas-phase studies to previous solution-phase studies reveals that the peptide can fold in the absence of solvent to a structure also seen in solution, highlighting the important role of the D23 hydrogen bonding network in stabilizing the fragment's folded structure.

Amyloid beta protein: Abeta40 inhibits Abeta42 oligomerization.

Abeta40 and Abeta42 are peptides that adopt similar random-coil structures in solution. Abeta42, however, is significantly more neurotoxic than Abeta40 and forms amyloid fibrils much more rapidly than Abeta40. Here, mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry are used to investigate a mixture of Abeta40 and Abeta42. The mass spectrum for the mixed solution shows the presence of a heterooligomer composed of equal parts of Abeta40 and Abeta42. Ion mobility results indicate that this mixed species comprises an oligomer distribution extending to tetramers. Abeta40 alone produces such a distribution, whereas Abeta42 alone produces oligomers as large as dodecamers. This indicates that Abeta40 inhibits Abeta42 oligomerization.

The structure of Abeta42 C-terminal fragments probed by a combined experimental and theoretical study.

The C-terminus of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) 42 plays an important role in this protein's oligomerization and may therefore be a good therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Certain C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of Abeta42 have been shown to disrupt oligomerization and to strongly inhibit Abeta42-induced neurotoxicity. Here we study the structures of selected CTFs [Abeta(x-42); x=29-31, 39] using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations and ion mobility mass spectrometry. Our simulations in explicit solvent reveal that the CTFs adopt a metastable beta-structure: beta-hairpin for Abeta(x-42) (x=29-31) and extended beta-strand for Abeta(39-42). The beta-hairpin of Abeta(30-42) is converted into a turn-coil conformation when the last two hydrophobic residues are removed, suggesting that I41 and A42 are critical in stabilizing the beta-hairpin in Abeta42-derived CTFs. The importance of solvent in determining the structure of the CTFs is further highlighted in ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments and solvent-free replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. A comparison between structures with solvent and structures without solvent reveals that hydrophobic interactions are critical for the formation of beta-hairpin. The possible role played by the CTFs in disrupting oligomerization is discussed.

A comparison of two techniques for studying sediment desorption kinetics of hydrophobic pollutants.

A comparison of two techniques (gaseous purge and vial desorption) for studying the kinetics of desorption of hydrophobic pollutants from natural sediments was conducted using identical, pre-equilibrated pollutant-sediment suspensions. Desorption profiles for the two techniques [for Lindane, Aldrin, 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2'-DCB), 4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl (4,4'-DCB), and 2,2',6,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB)] were then compared, based on the distribution of pollutant mass between the labile (fast) and non-labile (slow) desorption phases and the release rate constants for each phase of release. The vial desorption technique shows many practical advantages over the gaseous purge technique, including its more realistic mixing conditions, the use of an independent sample for each data point (as opposed to a calculation of a cumulative mass purged at each time point), the fact that the vials constitute a closed system and are therefore less subject to ambient contamination, and the relatively low demands of time and money for the vial technique. No consistent trends in labile rate constants or in pollutant distribution between the labile and non-labile phase were observed between the two techniques. A comparison of kinetic parameters shows much faster non-labile rate constants for the gaseous purge technique, attributed to the violent, continuous agitation employed, which likely disrupted sediment aggregates and oxidized the natural organic matter associated with the sediment. Non-labile rate constants have implications for the long-term fate of compounds adsorbed to repetitively disturbed sediments. This study suggests that the traditionally less popular vial desorption technique may yield more realistic non-labile desorption rate constants.