Loneliness, Family Communication, and School Adjustment in a Sample of Cybervictimized Adolescents.

The objective of this study was to compare individual, family, and social variables, such as the perception of loneliness, family communication, and school adjustment in a sample of 2399 Andalusian (Spanish) adolescents aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) suffering from cybervictimization (low, moderate, and high). The results show that adolescents suffering from high cybervictimization report more loneliness, more problematic communication with both parents, and worse school adjustment than the rest of the groups. Regarding gender, differences are observed in open communication with the mother and in the dimensions of school adjustment, being more favorable for girls. However, there were no significant differences between girls and boys in the loneliness variable. The interaction effects indicate, on the one hand, that female severe cybervictims present more avoidant communication with the mother than the other groups, and, on the other hand, that male cybervictims of all three groups and female severe cybervictims have lower academic competence than the group of female low cybervictims, followed by female moderate cybervictims. These data support the idea that, depending on its intensity and duration, cybervictimization affects girls and boys differently in terms of individual, family, and social variables.

Child-to-Parent Violence: Attitude towards Authority, Social Reputation and School Climate.

Research into child-to-parent violence (CPV) has focused mainly on the description of individual and family variables of adolescents. It is observed that the school context has received little attention despite being a context of development of great importance. In order to deepen the understanding in this field, the objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between child-to-parent violence (CPV) and the attitude towards authority, social reputation and school climate. A total of 2101 Spanish adolescents (50.1% males and 49.9% females) from 13 to 18 years participated. A multivariate factorial design (MANOVA, 3 × 3) was carried out using as independent variables CPV level and age. It was found that adolescents with high CPV presented lower values of positive attitude towards institutional authority (PATIA) and school climate (involvement, friendships and teacher's help), and higher values of positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms (PATTSN) and of perceived and ideal non-conformist social reputation (PNCSR and INCSR, respectively). Younger participants obtained the highest PATIA scores and lowest of PNCSR and the 15-16 years age group obtained the highest scores in PATTSN and INCSR. Adolescents aged 17-18 years show the highest scores in involvement and teacher's help. Also, three interaction effects were found and indicated that there is an improvement in attitudinal and school adjustment indicators according to the age, except in ideal non-conformist social reputation, which has important practical implications.

A psychosocial analysis of relational aggression in mexican adolescents based on sex and age / Un análisis psicosocial de la violencia relacional en adolescentes mexicanos en función del sexo y la edad

Background: This paper aims to identify predictive variables of relational aggression related to the individual, family and school environment in Mexican adolescents according to sex and age. Method: A total of 8,115 Mexican adolescents (51.5% boys), aged 11 to 16 years old (M = 13.34 years, SD = 1.040), selected by proportional stratified sampling. Results: From a stepwise regression analysis it was observed that the main predictors of relational aggression were non-conformist self-perception of social reputation, psychological distress, attitude toward institutional authority and offensive communication with the mother. Conclusions: Relational aggression underlies important explanatory dimensions for the prevention of school aggression, such as social reputation and psychological distress, which have been little explored in this field of study

Antecedentes: este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las variables predictoras de la violencia relacional relacionadas con el ámbito individual, familiar y escolar en adolescentes mexicanos, en función del sexo y la edad. Método: participaron 8.115 adolescentes mexicanos (51,5% chicos), de 11 a 16 años (M= 13.34 años; DT= 1.040), seleccionados a partir de un muestreo estratificado proporcional. Resultados: a partir de un análisis de regresión múltiple por pasos se observó que los principales predictores de la violencia relacional fueron la autopercepción no-conformista de la reputación y el malestar psicológico, la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional y la comunicación ofensiva con la madre. Conclusiones: en la violencia relacional subyacen dimensiones explicativas relevantes para la prevención de la violencia escolar como son la reputación social y el malestar psicológico que, sin embargo, han sido poco exploradas en este ámbito de estudio

A psychosocial analysis of relational aggression in Mexican adolescents based on sex and age.

BACKGROUND: This paper aims to identify predictive variables of relational aggression related to the individual, family and school environment in Mexican adolescents according to sex and age. METHOD: A total of 8,115 Mexican adolescents (51.5% boys), aged 11 to 16 years old (M = 13.34 years, SD = 1.040), selected by proportional stratified sampling. RESULTS: From a stepwise regression analysis it was observed that the main predictors of relational aggression were non-conformist self-perception of social reputation, psychological distress, attitude toward institutional authority and offensive communication with the mother. CONCLUSIONS: Relational aggression underlies important explanatory dimensions for the prevention of school aggression, such as social reputation and psychological distress, which have been little explored in this field of study.

Child-to-parent violence and parenting styles: its relations to problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and attitude towards institutional authority in adolescence / La violencia filioparental y los estilos de socialización parental: sus relaciones con el uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, la alexitimia y la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional en la adolescencia

The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationships between child-to-parent violence and parental socialization styles with the problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia and attitude towards institutional authority in adolescents. A sample of 2,399 adolescents (50.2% boys and 49.8% girls) enrolled in schools in Andalusia, aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 14.63, SD = 1.91) participated in the study. A MANOVA 4 × 2 × 2 was carried out. The results showed that high child-to-parent violence was related to high levels of problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and a more positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms. It was also found that adolescents from families with an indulgent style showed the lowest scores in problematic use of social networking sites, alexithymia, and positive attitude towards the transgression of social norms. Additionally, in situations of high child-to-parent violence, girls had higher scores in problematic use of social networking sites and alexithymia than boys. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre la violencia filioparental y los estilos de socialización parental con el uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, la alexitimia y la actitud hacia la autoridad institucional en adolescentes. Participaron 2,399 adolescentes (50.2% chicos y 49,8% chicas) escolarizados en centros educativos de Andalucía, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.63, DT = 1.91). Se realizó un MANOVA 4 × 2 × 2. Los resultados mostraron que la alta violencia filioparental se relacionaba con altos niveles de uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, de alexitimia y con una actitud más positiva hacia la transgresión de normas sociales. También se constató que los adolescentes procedentes de familias con un estilo indulgente mostraron las menores puntuaciones en uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales, alexitimia y actitud positiva hacia la transgresión de normas sociales. Además, en situaciones de alta violencia filioparental, las chicas presentaron mayores puntuaciones en uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales y de alexitimia que los chicos. Finalmente se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas

Are Adolescents Engaged in the Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites More Involved in Peer Aggression and Victimization?

The problematic use of social networking sites is becoming a major public health concern. Previous research has found that adolescents who engage in a problematic use of social networking sites are likely to show maladjustment problems. However, little is known about its links with peer aggression and victimization. The main goal of this study was to analyze the relationship between problematic use of online social networking sites, peer aggression -overt vs. relational and reactive vs. instrumental-, and peer victimization -overt physical and verbal, and relational-, taking into account gender and age (in early and mid-adolescence). Participants were selected using randomized cluster sampling considering school and class as clusters. A battery of instruments was applied to 1,952 adolescents' secondary students from Spain (Andalusia) (50.4% boys), aged 11 to 16 (M = 14.07, SD = 1.39). Results showed that girls and 14-16 adolescents were more involved in a problematic use of online social networking sites. Furthermore, adolescents with high problematic use of online social networking sites were more involved in overt-reactive and instrumental-and relational-reactive and instrumental-aggressive behaviors, and self-reported higher levels of overt-physical and verbal-and relational victimization. Even though boys indicated higher levels of all types of victimization, girls with high problematic use of online social networking sites scored the highest on relational victimization. Relating to age, early adolescents (aged 11-14) with higher problematic use of online social networking sites reported the highest levels of overt verbal and relational victimization. Overall, results suggested the co-occurrence of problematic use of online social networking sites, peer aggression and victimization. In addition, results showed the influence that gender and age had on peer victimization. This study highlights the continuity between offline and online domains with regard to maladjustment problems in adolescence.

New Directions for Preventing Dating Violence in Adolescence: The Study of Gender Models.

Dating violence is a huge transcultural and alarming phenomenon, directly linked with endless discrimination against women. The latest research on dating violence in adolescence shows how dating violence is persistent and common in the adolescent period as well and pinpoints the origin of gender violence from first adolescent relationships. This element takes us to considerate how recent gender violence studies and policies, increased also thanks to international efforts on this issue, are not bringing expected results, especially among young people. This mini-review aims to analyze the main characteristics of current gender studies and policies on dating violence, focusing on percentages with a woman-centered approach, which stresses the consequences of gender violence. Other gender studies, that consider gender as a relational product, stress the importance of integrating the analysis of gender models as a key instrument to understand the main causes of dating violence, providing new elements to develop effective policies against dating violence. Indeed, gender models of femininity and masculinity are based on a binary system, which is also a reciprocal recognition and identity system: gender models define female and male characteristics, roles, stereotypes, and expectation, being complementary and foreclosing at the same time. Recent studies on gender relationships, especially among the youth, allows us to propose a new dialog between dating violence studies and gender model studies, underling the need of a complete and complex understanding of gender structure, and of its tensions and contradictions, to put an end to gender and dating violence, through effective programs.

Factores predictores de la violencia relacional en la adolescencia / Predictive factors of relational violence in adolescence

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue examinar la violencia relacional entre iguales desde una perspectiva psicosocial, analizando variables familiares (funcionamiento y comunicación familiar), sociales (reputación social - percibida e ideal - y actitud hacia la autoridad institucional) e individuales (malestar psicológico e ideación suicida) en adolescentes escolarizados. La muestra fue de 8115 adolescentes, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 16 años, del estado de Nuevo León, México. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, paso a paso, cuyos resultados mostraron que la dimensión más importante en la predicción de la conducta violenta relacional es la autopercepción no conformista, seguido del malestar psicológico. Finalmente, se discuten estos resultados y sus implicaciones.

The aim of this research was to study relational violence between peers from a psychosocial perspective, by analyzing family variables (family functioning and communication), social variables (social reputation ­both perceived and ideal­ and attitude towards institutional authority), and individual variables (psychological distress and suicide ideation) in adolescent students. The sample consisted of 8,115 adolescents aged 11 to 16 years from the State of Nuevo León, Mexico. We performed a forward stepwise multiple regression analysis, the results of which showed that the most important factor in the prediction of violent relational behavior at school is the nonconformist self-perception, followed by psychological distress. Finally, these results and their implications are discussed.

Variables psicosociales y violencia escolar en la adolescencia / Psychosocial variables and overt school violence among adolescents

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la violencia escolar y el ajuste psicosocial -autoestima, soledad y satisfacción con la vida- en función de la participación e implicación comunitarias. La muestra estaba constituida por 565 adolescentes escolarizados de ambos sexos (51% mujeres y 49% varones) con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 18años (M=14.8; DT=1.75). Se efectuaron análisis multivariados de la varianza y pruebas t. Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes con una alta implicación en la comunidad tuvieron mayores puntuaciones en autoestima global y social y satisfacción con la vida, y menores en soledad y violencia escolar. Además, los adolescentes con una alta participación en la comunidad obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en autoestima académica y social y satisfacción con la vida, y menores puntuaciones en soledad. No se observaron diferencias significativas en violencia escolar. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus posibles implicaciones prácticas

The main goal of the present study was to analyze overt school violence and psychosocial adjustment -measured as self-esteem, loneliness, and satisfaction with life- as a function of participation and community involvement. The sample consisted of 565 adolescents of both sexes (51% female and 49% male) aged 11-18 years (M=14.8, SD=1.75). Multivariate analyses of variance and t-tests were performed. The results showed that adolescents with significant involvement in the community scored the highest in global and social self-esteem and satisfaction with life, and the lowest on loneliness and school violence. In addition, adolescents with high levels of participation in the community obtained high scores for academic and social self-esteem and satisfaction with life, and low scores on loneliness. There were no significant differences in school violence. The results and their possible practical implications are discussed

Miedo al Delito, Victimización y Satisfacción con la Vida en México / Fear of Crime, Victimization, and Satisfaction with Live in Mexico

El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar las relaciones existentes entre miedo al delito, victimización y satisfacción con la vida, en función del género. La muestra estuvo conformada por 7535 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.8 % mujeres y 50.2 % hombres) de entre 12 y 70 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública de México. A partir de un MANOVA factorial multivariante se observó que el miedo al delito, la victimización y las medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia se relacionaban con una pobre satisfacción con la vida. También se observó, respecto del sexo, que los hombres tenían mayor miedo al delito y realizaban más restricciones en su vida cotidiana. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones prácticas.

The aim of this study is to examine how fear of crime, victimization, and satisfaction with life are related and also differ according to gender. 7535 participants of both sexes (49.8% women and 50.2% men) aged from 12 to 70 years old were selected from a proportional stratified sample. The instrument applied was an adaptation of the National Survey of Victimization and Public Security of Mexico. A multivariate factorial MANOVA was carried out. Fear of crime, victimization, and measures of protection against delinquency appear as related to poor satisfaction with life. Regarding to gender, higher scores of men on fear of crime and on restrictions in their daily lives were observed. Finally, the results and their practical implications are discussed.

Victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in daily routines in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationships between victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in routines. METHODS: The 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men) aged between 12 and 60 years, selected from a proportional stratified sampling, participated in this study. The measuring instrument was an adaptation of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security. Chi-square tests were performed. RESULTS: The results show significant differences on victimization and sex regarding perception of insecurity, restrictions on everyday activities, and protection measures. 13.1% of those interviewed claimed to have been victims of a crime in the past 12 months. 52.7% of women considered their municipality as unsafe or very unsafe. In the case of men, this percentage was 58.2%. Female victims reported significant restrictions in everyday activities when compared to non-victims. In relation to men, the percentage of victims with a high restriction of activities was higher in male victims than non-victims. In the group of victimized women, the segment of women who opted for increased measures of protection against crime was larger than expected, while those of non-victims who took less protective measures was lower than expected. These same results were observed in the group of men. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of victimization implies a greater perception of insecurity. However, the climate of insecurity is widespread in a large number of citizens. Gender differences in a high-crime environment show the importance of investigating in depth the roles of both genders in the perception of insecurity and changes in routines. OBJETIVO: Analizar las relaciones existentes entre victimización, percepción de inseguridad y cambios en las rutinas. MÉTODOS: Participaron en este estudio 8,170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.9% mujeres y 50.1% hombres) de entre 12 y 60 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública. Se realizaron pruebas Chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS: Los resultados evidencian diferencias significativas en cuanto a victimización y sexo con respecto a percepción de inseguridad, restricciones de actividades cotidianas y medidas de protección. Un 13.1% de las personas entrevistadas afirmaron haber sido víctimas de un delito en los últimos doce meses. El 52.7% de las mujeres consideraron su municipio como inseguro o muy inseguro. En el caso de los hombres, este porcentaje fue de 58.2%. Las mujeres víctimas señalaron restricciones en la vida cotidiana significativas en comparación con las no víctimas. Con relación a los hombres, el porcentaje de víctimas con un alta restricción de actividades fue mayor en los hombres víctimas que en los hombres no víctimas. En el grupo de mujeres victimizadas, el segmento de mujeres que optaron por mayores medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia fue mayor de lo esperado, mientras que las mujeres no víctimas que asumieron menores medidas de protección fue menor de lo esperado. Estos mismos resultados se observaron en el grupo de los hombres. CONCLUSIONES: La experiencia de victimización lleva implícita una mayor percepción de inseguridad. Sin embargo, el clima de inseguridad se encuentra diseminado en gran cantidad de la ciudadanos. Las diferencias de género en un clima de alta criminalidad muestran la importancia de investigar a profundidad los roles de ambos sexos en la percepción de inseguridad y los cambios en las rutinas.

El patrón de consumo de alcohol en adultos desde la perspectiva de los adolescentes / Adult pattern of alcohol use as perceived by adolescents

Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de un grupo de adolescentes acerca del patrón de consumo de alcohol que muestran los/las adultos/as de su entorno social. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa fundamentada en Grounded Theory (Glaser y Strauss, 1967) con información obtenida mediante cinco grupos de discusión. Los/las participantes fueron seleccionados/as mediante muestreo teórico en la fase inicial y emergente del estudio, aplicando criterios maestros de selección fundamentados en la literatura previa. Se utilizaron criterios de heterogeneidad-homogeneidad en la composición de los grupos. Participaron 40 adolescentes de ambos sexos, entre 15 y 20 años de edad, pertenecientes a cuatro centros educativos de Sevilla. Resultados: Según los/las adolescentes entrevistados/as, el consumo de alcohol está normalizado entre las personas adultas, se vincula a actos de celebración, se orienta hacia la diversión e incluye el consumo abusivo e intensivo y la presencia de destilados. Los datos de los estudios recientes contradicen en parte la opinión de los/las adolescentes, pues muestran un patrón de consumo en las personas adultas asociado fundamentalmente al componente gastronómico y social de la bebida, con ingestas moderadas de cerveza y vino. Conclusiones: Se sugiere la posible existencia de una percepción distorsionada en algunos/as adolescentes acerca de la realidad del consumo en los/las adultos/as. Como explicación, se plantea la hipótesis de una relación entre esta percepción y la información contradictoria que reciben los/las jóvenes en materia de alcohol, la idea de ser normativos y el deseo de satisfacer sus propias necesidades hedónicas y de socialización (AU)

Objective: To identify the views of a sample of adolescents on the pattern of alcohol consumption shown by adults in their social environment. Method: A qualitative study was conducted using the method proposed by grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Data were collected through five discussion groups. Participants were selected by theoretical sampling in the initial and emerging phases of the study by applying criteria based on previous research. Heterogeneity-homogeneity criteria were used in the composition of the groups. The final sample consisted on 40 adolescents of both sexes between 15 and 20 years from four educational centres in Seville (Spain). Results: According to the adolescents interviewed, alcohol use was normal among adults, geared towards fun, and was linked to social gatherings and to abusive and intensive consumption including drinking spirits. Data from recent studies partly contradict adolescents’ perceptions, showing a pattern of consumption in adults associated mostly with the gastronomic and social component of drink and with moderate intake of beer and wine. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that adolescents may have a distorted view of the reality of adult patterns of alcohol use. As an explanation, we hypothesize that, faced with conflicting information, adolescents prioritize the information that best fits their view of what is socially acceptable and what meets their own hedonistic and social needs (AU)

[Adult pattern of alcohol use as perceived by adolescents]. / El patrón de consumo de alcohol en adultos desde la perspectiva de los adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the views of a sample of adolescents on the pattern of alcohol consumption shown by adults in their social environment. METHOD: A qualitative study was conducted using the method proposed by grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). Data were collected through five discussion groups. Participants were selected by theoretical sampling in the initial and emerging phases of the study by applying criteria based on previous research. Heterogeneity-homogeneity criteria were used in the composition of the groups. The final sample consisted on 40 adolescents of both sexes between 15 and 20 years from four educational centres in Seville (Spain). RESULTS: According to the adolescents interviewed, alcohol use was normal among adults, geared towards fun, and was linked to social gatherings and to abusive and intensive consumption including drinking spirits. Data from recent studies partly contradict adolescents' perceptions, showing a pattern of consumption in adults associated mostly with the gastronomic and social component of drink and with moderate intake of beer and wine. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that adolescents may have a distorted view of the reality of adult patterns of alcohol use. As an explanation, we hypothesize that, faced with conflicting information, adolescents prioritize the information that best fits their view of what is socially acceptable and what meets their own hedonistic and social needs.

Victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in daily routines in Mexico / Victimización, percepción de inseguridad y cambios en las rutinas cotidianas en México

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationships between victimization, perception of insecurity, and changes in routines. METHODS The 8,170 subjects of both sexes (49.9% women and 50.1% men) aged between 12 and 60 years, selected from a proportional stratified sampling, participated in this study. The measuring instrument was an adaptation of the National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security. Chi-square tests were performed. RESULTS The results show significant differences on victimization and sex regarding perception of insecurity, restrictions on everyday activities, and protection measures. 13.1% of those interviewed claimed to have been victims of a crime in the past 12 months. 52.7% of women considered their municipality as unsafe or very unsafe. In the case of men, this percentage was 58.2%. Female victims reported significant restrictions in everyday activities when compared to non-victims. In relation to men, the percentage of victims with a high restriction of activities was higher in male victims than non-victims. In the group of victimized women, the segment of women who opted for increased measures of protection against crime was larger than expected, while those of non-victims who took less protective measures was lower than expected. These same results were observed in the group of men. CONCLUSIONS The experience of victimization implies a greater perception of insecurity. However, the climate of insecurity is widespread in a large number of citizens. Gender differences in a high-crime environment show the importance of investigating in depth the roles of both genders in the perception of insecurity and changes in routines.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analizar las relaciones existentes entre victimización, percepción de inseguridad y cambios en las rutinas. MÉTODOS Participaron en este estudio 8,170 sujetos de ambos sexos (49.9% mujeres y 50.1% hombres) de entre 12 y 60 años, seleccionados a partir de un muestro estratificado proporcional. El instrumento de medida fue una adaptación de la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Seguridad Pública. Se realizaron pruebas Chi-cuadrado. RESULTADOS Los resultados evidencian diferencias significativas en cuanto a victimización y sexo con respecto a percepción de inseguridad, restricciones de actividades cotidianas y medidas de protección. Un 13.1% de las personas entrevistadas afirmaron haber sido víctimas de un delito en los últimos doce meses. El 52.7% de las mujeres consideraron su municipio como inseguro o muy inseguro. En el caso de los hombres, este porcentaje fue de 58.2%. Las mujeres víctimas señalaron restricciones en la vida cotidiana significativas en comparación con las no víctimas. Con relación a los hombres, el porcentaje de víctimas con un alta restricción de actividades fue mayor en los hombres víctimas que en los hombres no víctimas. En el grupo de mujeres victimizadas, el segmento de mujeres que optaron por mayores medidas de protección frente a la delincuencia fue mayor de lo esperado, mientras que las mujeres no víctimas que asumieron menores medidas de protección fue menor de lo esperado. Estos mismos resultados se observaron en el grupo de los hombres. CONCLUSIONES La experiencia de victimización lleva implícita una mayor percepción de inseguridad. Sin embargo, el clima de inseguridad se encuentra diseminado en gran cantidad de la ciudadanos. Las diferencias de género en un clima de alta criminalidad muestran la importancia de investigar a profundidad los roles de ambos sexos en la percepción de inseguridad y los cambios en las rutinas.

Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Ajuste Escolar Percibido por el Profesor (PROF-A) / Psychometric analysis of the Scale of Teacher's Perception of School Adjustment (PROF-A)

La percepción del profesor del ajuste escolar de sus alumnos puede ser un importante indicador de su bienestar psicosocial y aportar información útil para el desarrollo de intervenciones encaminadas a mejorar su ajuste psicosocial. No obstante, para ello es fundamental considerar dentro del ajuste escolar no sólo el rendimiento académico del alumno sino también su nivel de integración social en el aula, la calidad de su relación con el profesor y el grado de implicación familiar en su educación. El objetivo de esta investigación es aportar un instrumento fiable para una medición completa del ajuste escolar y analizar su relación con dos importantes indicadores de ajuste psicosocial, el autoconcepto y las actitudes hacia la autoridad. En el estudio participaron 87 profesores que evaluaron el ajuste escolar de sus alumnos (N = 2.378 adolescentes), mediante la escala PROF-A. Los análisis realizados muestran que la escala se compone de cuatro factores: integración social, competencia académica, implicación familiar y relación profesor-alumno, que muestran correlaciones positivas significativas con el autoconcepto y con las actitudes positivas hacia la autoridad

Teachers' perception of their students' school adjustment can be an important indicator of psychosocial well-being and provide useful information for the development of interventions to improve their psychosocial adjustment. This is the reason why it is essential within the school adjustment to consider not only students’ academic achievement but also their level of social integration in the classroom, the quality of their relationship with the teacher, and the level of family involvement in their education. The objective of this research is to provide a reliable instrument for measuring a full school adjustment and analyze its relationship with two important indicators of psychosocial adjustment, self-concept and attitudes toward authority. This study involved 87 teachers who assessed the school adjustment of students (N = 2378 adolescents) using the PROF-A scale. Findings show that this scale consists of four factors, social integration, academic competence, family involvement, and teacher-student relationship, showing significant positive correlations with self-concept and positive attitudes toward authority

Victimization, loneliness, overt and relational violence at the school from a gender perspective

This ex post facto study analyzes both the direct relationships between victimization and overt and relational violent behavior of students adolescents as the indirect relationships between these variables through the classroom environment, the loneliness, the nonconformist ideal reputation and transgression of social norms. The sample consisted of 1,795 adolescents (48% females) aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.2, SD = 1.68). We used a structural equation model to analyze the effect of classroom environment and victimization in violent manifest and relational behavior. The results found that a direct positive relationship between victimization and relational violent behavior and a direct negative relationship between classroom environment and overt violent behavior. In addition, classroom environment and victimization were indirectly related to overt and relational violence through its relationship with loneliness, nonconformist ideal reputation and transgression of social norms. Multigroup analysis results indicated that the relationship between loneliness and relational violent behavior was significant for boys but not for girls. Finally, we discuss the results and their practical implications in the school context (AU)

Este estudio ex post facto analiza tanto las relaciones directas existentes entre la victimización y la conducta violenta manifiesta y relacional de adolescentes escolarizados como las relaciones indirectas entre esas variables a través del clima escolar, la soledad, la reputación ideal no conformista y la transgresión de normas sociales. La muestra está compuesta por 1.795 adolescentes (48% mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 18 años (M = 14,2; DT = 1,68). Se utiliza un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para analizar el efecto del clima escolar y la victimización en la conducta violenta manifiesta y relacional. Los resultados indican una relación directa y positiva entre la victimización y la conducta violenta relacional y una relación directa y negativa entre el clima escolar y la conducta violenta manifiesta. Además, el clima escolar y la victimización se relacionan indirectamente con la violencia manifiesta y relacional a través de sus relaciones con la soledad, la reputación ideal no conformista y la transgresión de normas sociales. Los resultados del análisis multigrupo indican que la relación entre la soledad y la conducta violenta relacional es significativa para los chicos pero no para las chicas. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados obtenidos y sus implicaciones prácticas en el contexto escolar (AU)

Victimization, loneliness, overt and relational violence at the school from a gender perspective.

This ex post facto study analyzes both the direct relationships between victimization and overt and relational violent behavior of students adolescents as the indirect relationships between these variables through the classroom environment, the loneliness, the nonconformist ideal reputation and transgression of social norms. The sample consisted of 1,795 adolescents (48% females) aged 11 to 18 years (M = 14.2, SD = 1.68). We used a structural equation model to analyze the effect of classroom environment and victimization in violent manifest and relational behavior. The results found that a direct positive relationship between victimization and relational violent behavior and a direct negative relationship between classroom environment and overt violent behavior. In addition, classroom environment and victimization were indirectly related to overt and relational violence through its relationship with loneliness, nonconformist ideal reputation and transgression of social norms. Multigroup analysis results indicated that the relationship between loneliness and relational violent behavior was significant for boys but not for girls. Finally, we discuss the results and their practical implications in the school context.

Este estudio ex post facto analiza tanto las relaciones directas existentes entre la victimización y la conducta violenta manifiesta y relacional de adolescentes escolarizados como las relaciones indirectas entre esas variables a través del clima escolar, la soledad, la reputación ideal no conformista y la transgresión de normas sociales. La muestra está compuesta por 1.795 adolescentes (48% mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 11 y 18 años (M = 14,2; DT = 1,68). Se utiliza un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para analizar el efecto del clima escolar y la victimización en la conducta violenta manifiesta y relacional. Los resultados indican una relación directa y positiva entre la victimización y la conducta violenta relacional y una relación directa y negativa entre el clima escolar y la conducta violenta manifiesta. Además, el clima escolar y la victimización se relacionan indirectamente con la violencia manifiesta y relacional a través de sus relaciones con la soledad, la reputación ideal no conformista y la transgresión de normas sociales. Los resultados del análisis multigrupo indican que la relación entre la soledad y la conducta violenta relacional es significativa para los chicos pero no para las chicas. Finalmente, se discuten los resultados obtenidos y sus implicaciones prácticas en el contexto escolar.

Parental communication and life satisfaction in adolescence

This study aims to analyze the influence of communication with the mother and father on adolescents’ life satisfaction, as well as possible indirect effects through self-esteem, feelings of loneliness, and perceived classroom environment. These relationships, and possible gender differences, were analyzed in a sample of 1,795 adolescents (52% male, 48% female) aged 11 to 18 years-old (M = 14.2, SD = 1.68), using structural equation modeling. Results indicate a direct effect of communication-mother (girls: β = .19, p < .001; boys: β = .16, p < .05) and communication-father (girls: β = .22, p < .001; boys: β = .17, p < .05) on adolescent life satisfaction; and also indirect effects through self-esteem (communication-mother: girls, β = .18, p < .01; boys: β = .19, p < .05; communication-father: girls: β = .28, p < .001; boys: β = .27, p < .01) and feelings of loneliness (communication-mother: girls: β = -.19, p < .01; boys: β = -.21, p < .05; communication-father: girls: β = -.31, p < .001; boys: β = -.20, p < .01). The results and implications of this study are discussed (AU)

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Eficacia de las políticas institucionales de prevención del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: la opinión de expertos y adolescentes / Effectiveness of institutional policies to prevent adolescent alcohol use: The view of experts and adolescents

OBJETIVO: Conocer la opinión de un grupo de adolescentes y profesionales/expertos en adolescencia, familia, escuela, medios de comunicación y políticas locales acerca de la eficacia de las políticas institucionales en la prevención del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes. Emplazamiento: Cuatro centros educativos de la provincia de Sevilla. Sede central de la Fundación Alcohol y Sociedad en Madrid. DISEÑO: Estudio cualitativo siguiendo el método propuesto por la Teoría fundamentada (Grounded theory) (Glaser y Strauss, 1967). MÉTODO: Información obtenida a partir de 10 grupos de discusión guiados por entrevistas semiestructuradas. Análisis de la información mediante Atlas ti 5.ParticipantesTreinta y dos profesionales/expertos nacionales y 40 adolescentes de ambos sexos entre 15-20 años residentes en la provincia de Sevilla, seleccionados por muestreo intencional teórico. RESULTADOS: Los expertos consideran eficaces la mayoría de las acciones o medidas preventivas evaluadas mientras que los adolescentes niegan el impacto preventivo de la mayor parte de ellas. Los adolescentes proponen medidas centradas en la reducción de la oferta de alcohol, mientras que los expertos proponen un modelo mixto, en el que se combinen políticas de reducción de la oferta y de la demanda, en función de objetivos específicos a corto y largo plazo. CONCLUSIONES: Se ha obtenido una visión general sobre aquello que según adolescentes y expertos es eficaz o ineficaz en la prevención del consumo de alcohol, y acerca de las claves que se deberían tener en cuenta para diseñar políticas eficaces

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to obtain the views of a sample of adolescents and experts on adolescence, family, school, local policies and media, regarding the effectiveness of institutional policies to prevent adolescent alcohol use. Setting: Four educational centers in the province of Seville. Head office of the Alcohol and Society Foundation in Madrid. DESIGN: Qualitative study using the method proposed by Grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). METHODOLOGY: Data were collected from 10 discussion groups guided by semistructured interviews. The data were analyzed using Atlas ti 5 software. Participants: A total of 32 national experts and 40 adolescents of both sexes aged 15 to20 years living in the province of Seville, selected by theoretical intentional sampling. RESULTS: The experts believed that most of the evaluated preventive actions were effective, while adolescents disputed the preventive impact of most of them. Adolescents proposed actions focused on the reduction of supply of alcohol. Experts proposed a mixed model as the most effective strategy to prevent alcohol consumption in adolescents, combining supply and demand reduction policies, depending on specific short and long term objectives. CONCLUSIONS: We have obtained, not only an overview of what is working (or not) from the view of adolescents and experts, but also the key points that should be taken into account for designing effective prevention policies

[Effectiveness of institutional policies to prevent adolescent alcohol use: The view of experts and adolescents]. / Eficacia de las políticas institucionales de prevención del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: la opinión de expertos y adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to obtain the views of a sample of adolescents and experts on adolescence, family, school, local policies and media, regarding the effectiveness of institutional policies to prevent adolescent alcohol use. SETTING: Four educational centers in the province of Seville. Head office of the Alcohol and Society Foundation in Madrid. DESIGN: Qualitative study using the method proposed by Grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). METHODOLOGY: Data were collected from 10 discussion groups guided by semistructured interviews. The data were analyzed using Atlas ti 5 software. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 32 national experts and 40 adolescents of both sexes aged 15 to 20 years living in the province of Seville, selected by theoretical intentional sampling. RESULTS: The experts believed that most of the evaluated preventive actions were effective, while adolescents disputed the preventive impact of most of them. Adolescents proposed actions focused on the reduction of supply of alcohol. Experts proposed a mixed model as the most effective strategy to prevent alcohol consumption in adolescents, combining supply and demand reduction policies, depending on specific short and long term objectives. CONCLUSIONS: We have obtained, not only an overview of what is working (or not) from the view of adolescents and experts, but also the key points that should be taken into account for designing effective prevention policies.