[Consumption of psychoactive substances by school-age adolescents of Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brazil). II--Distribution of consumption by social levels]. / Consumo de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes escolares de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil). II--Distribuição do consumo por classes sociais.

INTRODUCTION: Many of the epidemiological studies on the consumption of legal and illegal psychoactive substances have included the evaluation of the influence of social context on the levels of prevalence of this consumption using indirect social indicators such as family income, and educational and housing levels in an attempt to identify individuals or groups in different social contexts. The present study investigates the distribution of consumption of psychoactive substances according to social class in a sample of teenage pupils in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A self-applicable questionnaire duly adapted and submitted to a reliability test was applied to a proportional sample of 1,025 teenagers enrolled in the 8th, 9th, 10th and 12th grades in public and private city schools. The questionnaires contained questions about the use of ten classes of psychoactive substances, demographic questions and validation information, as well as questions about the perception and intrinsic behavior related to drug consumption. The adaptation of a model that identifies 5 social class strata (business middle class, managerial middle class, lower middle class, proletariat and subproletariat) on the basis of indicators that situate the individuals within the social relations of production, was used. RESULTS: The 3 middle class strata were more often represented, whereas the proletariat and subproletariat were less frequently represented in this teenage pupil population than in the population in general. There was no difference in alcohol or tobacco consumption according to social class, although prevalence tended to be higher at the two extremes of the social ladder. In contrast, the consumption of illegal substances was higher in the middle class and lower in the proletariat. CONCLUSION: Although the consumption of legal substances did not differ among social classes, the higher consumption of illegal substances by the wealthier teenagers was probably due to the higher cost of these products as compared those of alcohol and tobacco.

[The consumption of psychoactive substances by adolescents in schools in Ribeiräo Preto, SP (Brazil). I--Prevalence of consumption by sex, age and substance]. / Consumo de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes escolares de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil). I--Prevalência do consumo por sexo, idade e tipo de substância.

INTRODUCTION: Concern over the consumption of psychoactive substances by teenagers has given rise to a great worldwide effort to produce information about this phenomenon. This study set out to investigate the prevalence of consumption of legal and illegal psychoactive substances, its distribution by age, sex and age at first experience of them, among teenage pupils in county, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A self-applicable questionnaire duly adapted and submitted to a reliability test was applied to a proportional sample of 1,025 teenagers enrolled in 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th grades at public and private city schools. The questionnaire contained questions about the use of ten classes of psychoactive substances, demographic questions and validation information, as well as questions about the perception and intrinsic behavior related to drug consumption. RESULTS: The sample of 88.9% had consumed alcoholic beverages sometime in their lives, 37.7% had used tobacco, 31.1% solvents, 10.5% medicines, 6.8% marihuana, 2.7% cocaine, 1.6% hallucinogens, and 0.3% of the sample had consumed some opiate substance. The rates of consumption increased with age for all substances; however, the use of tobacco and of illegal substances was less intense during the later years of adolescence. As to sex distribution, boys consumed more than girls, except for medicines, with girls consuming barbiturates, amphetamines and tranquilizers in proportions similar to or higher than those observed among boys. Age at first experience showed that access to psychoactive substances occurred at very early ages. CONCLUSIONS: Experimenting with psychoactive substances, whether legal or illegal, is a frequent phenomenon during adolescence, both among boys and girls, often at very early ages.

[The abused and neglected child]. / A criança abusada e negligenciada.

The study of mistreatment of the child and adolescent, with its historical, social and cultural roots, grow amidst conceptual and methodological difficulties which oppose a more realistic understanding of the problem. The physical and emotional consequences, long-term and immediate, are to a great extent, known. However, an attempt to understanding minimize such phenomenon faces great obstacles. At present, the interdisciplinary practice is a possible solution.

[Use of psychoactive substances among private school children]. / Consumo de substâncias psicoativas entre estudantes de rede privada.

A study was carried out in 1988, using a random sample of 1,441 pupils attending the elementary and high schools of the Federal District, Brazil, with the purpose of determining the frequency of the use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. A self-administered questionnaire, adapted by the World Health Organization for this type of survey, was applied. The prevalence of general usage (covering everything from experimental to daily use) showed rates of 67.2% for alcohol, 28.7% for tobacco, 13.9% for inhalants, 6.1% for marijuana and 1.8% for cocaine. The use of the majority of drugs increases with age. As regards sex, the illegal drugs were mostly frequently used by boys.