RESUMO
The glycerol fermentation of probiotic Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) in the skin microbiome produced butyric acid in vitro at concentrations in the millimolar range. The exposure of dorsal skin of mice to ultraviolet B (UVB) light provoked a significant increased production of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine. Topical application of butyric acid alone or S. epidermidis with glycerol remarkably ameliorated the UVB-induced IL-6 production. In vivo knockdown of short-chain fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) in mouse skin considerably blocked the probiotic effect of S. epidermidis on suppression of UVB-induced IL-6 production. These results demonstrate that butyric acid in the metabolites of fermenting skin probiotic bacteria mediates FFAR2 to modulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by UVB.
Assuntos
Ácido Butírico/farmacologia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Probióticos/farmacologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Pele/microbiologia , Staphylococcus epidermidis/química , Raios Ultravioleta , Acetolactato Sintase/metabolismo , Animais , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos da radiação , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Feminino , Fermentação , Glicerol/farmacologia , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Microbiota/efeitos da radiação , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/patologia , Pele/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) is a common bacterial colonizer on the surface of human skin. Lactate is a natural constituent of skin. Here, we reveal that S. epidermidis used sodium l-lactate as a carbon source to undergo fermentation and yield malodors detected by gas colorimetric tubes. Several furan compounds such as furfural originating from the fermentation metabolites play a role in the negative feedback regulation of the fermentation process. The 5-methyl furfural (5MF), a furfural analog, was selected as an inhibitor of sodium l-lactate fermentation of S. epidermidis via inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS). S. epidermidis treated with 5MF lost its ability to produce malodors, demonstrating the feasibility of using 5MF as an ingredient in deodorants targeting malodor-causing bacteria in the skin microbiome.
