Diagnostics and Therapy of Human Diseases - Focus on Sialidases.

Sialic acid residues that make part of the cell surface repertoire of carbohydrate residues are implicated in various physiological processes and human pathologies. Sialidases, or neuraminidases, are the enzymes that are able to cleave and release the sialic acid residues, while trans-sialidases can transfer the residues from donor to acceptor molecules. They are important for processing the surface glycolipids and glycoproteins. Therapeutic potential of pharmacological sialidases inhibition is currently actively studied. Knowledge and expertise gained from genetic defects leading to human sialidase deficiency can be used for designing such drugs. In this review, we discuss the current progress in studying sialidases and their inhibitors and the relevance of these studies to developing novel therapeutic approaches. In vitro studies suggest that some sialidase inhibitors might be useful therapeutics for treating sialidosis, cancer, infections, immune diseases, atherosclerosis and other pathologies. Consequently, there is a field for further research and development. A thorough investigation of human sialidases is therefore crucial to human health.

Phytoestrogen-Rich Natural Preparation for Treatment of Climacteric Syndrome and Atherosclerosis Prevention in Perimenopausal Women.

The present study evaluated the risks and benefits of phytoestrogen treatment in healthy perimenopausal women in relation to the dynamics of climacteric syndrome and progression of atherosclerosis. Study participants were treated with placebo or phytoestrogen-rich natural preparation Karinat based on grape (Vitis vinifera) seeds, green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, hop (Hunulus lupulus) cone powder and garlic (Allium sativum) powder. The dynamics of climacteric syndrome was evaluated by Kupperman Index and Utian Quality of Life Scale. Atherosclerosis progression was evaluated by measuring carotid intima-media thickness. Significant changes of climacteric syndrome's severity in both Karinat and placebo groups (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001) were obtained after 24 months of follow-up. Detailed analysis of Kupperman Index suggested that Karinat possessed a significant effect on nervousness (p = 0.010), weakness (p = 0.020) and formication (p = 0.010). A significant improvement of medical (p = 0.070) and emotional (p = 0.060) components of Kupperman Index and Utian Quality of Life Scale was also observed in Karinat group. However, difference in carotid intima-media thickness between the two groups was not statistically significant at follow-up. A slight positive effect of phytoestrogens on climacteric syndrome manifestations was demonstrated in this study. Karinat can be used for alleviation of climacteric syndrome and cardiovascular disease prevention in perimenopausal women. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

On-pump Cardiac Surgery Enhances Platelet Renewal and Impairs Aspirin Pharmacodynamics: Effects of Improved Dosing Regimens.

On-pump cardiac surgery may trigger inflammation and accelerate platelet cyclooxygenase-1 renewal, thereby modifying low-dose aspirin pharmacodynamics. Thirty-seven patients on standard aspirin 100 mg once-daily were studied before surgery and randomized within 36 hours postsurgery to 100 mg once-daily, 100 mg twice-daily, or 200 mg once-daily for 90 days. On day 7 postsurgery, immature and mature platelets, platelet mass, thrombopoietin, glycocalicin, leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 significantly increased. Interleukin-6 significantly correlated with immature platelets. At day 7, patients randomized to 100 mg once-daily showed a significant increase in serum thromboxane (TX)B2 within the 24-hour dosing interval and urinary TXA2 metabolite (TXM) excretion. Aspirin 100 mg twice-daily lowered serum TXB2 and prevented postsurgery TXM increase (P < 0.01), without affecting prostacyclin metabolite excretion. After cardiac surgery, shortening the dosing interval, but not doubling the once-daily dose, rescues the impaired antiplatelet effect of low-dose aspirin and prevents platelet activation associated with acute inflammation and enhanced platelet turnover.

[Dietary phospholipids: lipid metabolism and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases].

Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical studies, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin appeared to regulate cholesterol absorption and inflammation. In clinical studies, egg PL intake is associated with beneficial changes in biomarkers related to HDL reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, egg PC was shown to be a substrate for the generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. More researches are warranted to examine potential serum TMAO responses to chronic egg ingestion and in different populations, such as diabetics. In this review, the recent basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings examining egg PL intake and risk of CVD are summarized.

Antiatherogenic effect of grape flavonoids in an ex vivo model.

The effects of grape phytoestrogens on cholesterol accumulation were studied in primary culture of human blood monocytes incubated with blood serum from postmenopausal women obtained before and 2, 4, and 6 h after single intake of plant components of grapes. Phytoestrogens from grape seeds, pressed out grapes, and fermented grape ridges prevent cholesterol accumulation in cells and can be regarded as prospective components for the development of natural preparations for the prevention of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women.