Translational Potential of High-Resistance Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training.

Age-associated cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction increases the risk for CV diseases. Aerobic exercise training can improve CV function, but only a minority of adults meet aerobic exercise guidelines. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training is a time-efficient lifestyle intervention that may promote adherence and improve CV function. However, further investigation is needed to translate inspiratory muscle strength training into the public health domain.

Inmates Care: Computer-Based Training for Geriatric and End-of-Life Care in Prisons.

The growing aged and dying incarcerated population increases demands on corrections health care. People who are incarcerated can assist in care delivery; however, currently, their training is typically face-to-face, home grown, and variable in content and duration. Six focus groups conducted with peer caregivers (PCs) (n = 12) and staff (n = 15) identified priority training topics. Three prototype modules (Standard Precautions; Loss and Grief; and Role of the Inmate Caregiver in the Final Hours) were developed in consultation with an advisory board. Face-to-face usability testing with (n = 20) PCs and staff confirmed contextual relevance and feasibility of the Inmates Care training. The mean system usability score for all participant segments was 86.5. Inmates Care holds promise to complement nurse-led training with a standardized e-training package.

Technology-Based Bullying Intervention for Rural Schools: Perspectives on Needs, Challenges, and Design.

Bullying is a significant problem in the United States, with 26.7% of middle school students reporting bullying victimization. The majority of bullying programs are comprehensive, school-wide interventions that require significant resources for implementation, creating barriers and challenges for schools in rural and low-income communities. To increase access for these schools, we propose to translate a brief, bystander bullying intervention (STAC) into a technology-based format. Using consensual qualitative research (CQR), we aimed to understand the needs of school personnel and perceived challenges to program implementation to provide information on how to best serve middle schools in rural and low-income communities. We conducted interviews and focus groups with key school personnel at three middle schools in rural, low-income communities (N = 15). Participants indicated a strong interest in a technology-based bullying intervention and reported positive conditions for implementation including administrative support and technology-readiness. Participants identified program efficacy, flexibility of delivery, and parental involvement as important components of bullying prevention and identified implementation challenges, which included time, financial resources, and teacher buy-in. Perceived strengths of the STAC intervention included providing a clear definition of bullying, skills training and practice, and a certificate of completion. Feedback related to translating the intervention to a technology-based format included the use of virtual interaction and a hybrid virtual/in-person program, particularly for booster-sessions. Findings from this study support the need for the proposed technology-based STAC intervention and provide feedback on both the needs and challenges that need to be addressed for successful implementation in middle schools in rural and low-income communities.

Developing Computer-Based Learning on Care of Aged and Dying Incarcerated People.

INTRODUCTION: Corrections agencies are exploring ways to securely and cost-effectively increase access to high-quality, evidence-based educational programs for personnel. Technology-based instructional tools hold strong potential for continuing education. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Framework for Going to Full Scale was employed to guide a systematic approach. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to outline and describe the design and development of a media-rich interactive computer-based learning product, Enhancing Care for Aged and Dying in Prison, which addresses geriatric and end-of-life care issues in corrections. METHOD: Through an iterative process, the research team developed the computer-based educational program that included program and module-specific objectives in alignment with goals and priorities of the end users, detailed evidence-based content that was engaging and visually appealing, and assessments aimed at testing the user's knowledge. RESULTS: The Enhancing Care for Aged and Dying in Prison contains six modules, created under the careful guidance of the research team and the two advisory boards. Contents, including images and testimonials, were selected purposefully and strategically. Module objectives were developed in alignment with the goals and priorities of each module, and assessments tested user knowledge level pre/post module exposure. Completion of the training product advances the research and development necessary to further the goal of full-scale dissemination of the computer-based education. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: The goal of this program is to enhance care and improve quality of life for aged and dying inmates. Evidence-based training products are critical in preparing not only forensic nurses who work in corrections but also the broader group of correctional personnel in how to better meet the care needs of incarcerated persons.

Impact of Baseline Fatigue on a Physical Activity Intervention to Prevent Mobility Disability.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to examine the impacts of baseline fatigue on the effectiveness of a physical activity (PA) intervention to prevent major mobility disability (MMD) and persistent major mobility disability (PMMD) in participants from the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study. DESIGN: Prospective cohort of individuals aged 65 years or older undergoing structured PA intervention or health education (HE) for a mean of 2.6 years. SETTING: LIFE was a multicenter eight-site randomized trial that compared the efficacy of a structured PA intervention with an HE program in reducing the incidence of MMD. PARTICIPANTS: Study participants (N = 1591) at baseline were 78.9 ± 5.2 years of age, with low PA and at risk for mobility impairment. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported fatigue was assessed using the modified trait version of the Exercise-Induced Feelings Inventory, a six-question scale rating energy levels in the past week. Responses ranged from 0 (none of the time) to 5 (all of the time). Total score was calculated by averaging across questions; baseline fatigue was based on the median split: 2 or higher = more fatigue (N = 856) and lower than 2 = less fatigue (N = 735). Participants performed a usual-paced 400-m walk every 6 months. We defined incident MMD as the inability to walk 400-m at follow-up visits; PMMD was defined as two consecutive walk failures. Cox proportional hazard models quantified the risk of MMD and PMMD in PA vs HE stratified by baseline fatigue adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: Among those with higher baseline fatigue, PA participants had a 29% and 40% lower risk of MMD and PMMD, respectively, over the trial compared with HE (hazard ratio [HR] for MMD = .71; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .57-.90; P = .004) and PMMD (HR = .60; 95% CI = .44-.82; P = .001). For those with lower baseline fatigue, no group differences in MMD (P = .36) or PMMD (P = .82) were found. Results of baseline fatigue by intervention interaction was MMD (P = .18) and PMMD (P = .05). CONCLUSION: A long-term moderate intensity PA intervention was particularly effective at preserving mobility in older adults with higher levels of baseline fatigue. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:619-624, 2020.

Developing educational modules to enhance care of aged and dying inmates: Set-up phase.

The purpose of this article is to explain the strategies used in the "Set-up" phase of developing computer-based education on the care and management of incarcerated people who are older and/or dying. Public health nurses have an opportunity to support efforts in educating corrections staff to enhance health care for older and dying inmates. Such endeavors can promote social justice through inmates receiving evidence-based care that parallels that received by the community at large. "Set-up" is the first of four phases in the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Framework for Going to Full Scale. Our design approach was threefold and included an environmental scan, a modified Delphi survey, and a usability study. An expert advisory board was consulted throughout the Set-up Phase. Participants for the Delphi Survey had expertise in geriatrics and corrections health care. Usability testing was conducted at two State Correctional Institutions. The Delphi Survey consisted of three Qualtrics surveys. Usability testing examined navigability; detected problems; observed time spent solving problems; identified problem severity; and developed recovery strategies. The Set-up established proof of concept, three prototype modules, and a specifications document to guide future programming. In addition, a Technology Niche Analyses® provided a preliminary commercialization plan (NIH, 2017). The Set-up phase has been instrumental in exposing the available infrastructure for dissemination of an educational product within corrections and may be a first step in addressing public health concerns on issues in aging. Commercial feasibility of the program and the need for continued research for Developing the Scalable Unit were established.

Enhancing Care of Aged and Dying Prisoners: Is e-Learning a Feasible Approach?

BACKGROUND: Prisons and jails are facing sharply increased demands in caring for aged and dying inmates. Our Toolkit for Enhancing End-of-life Care in Prisons effectively addressed end-of-life (EOL) care; however, geriatric content was limited, and the product was not formatted for broad dissemination. Prior research adapted best practices in EOL care and aging; but, delivery methods lacked emerging technology-focused learning and interactivity. PURPOSES: Our purposes were to uncover current training approaches and preferences and to ascertain the technological capacity of correctional settings to deliver computer-based and other e-learning training. METHODS: An environmental scan was conducted with 11 participants from U.S. prisons and jails to ensure proper fit, in terms of content and technology capacity, between an envisioned computer-based training product and correctional settings. RESULTS: Environmental scan findings focused on content of training, desirable qualities of training, prominence of "homegrown" products, and feasibility of commercial e-learning. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This study identified qualities of training programs to adopt and pitfalls to avoid and revealed technology-related issues to be mindful of when designing computer-based training for correctional settings, and participants spontaneously expressed an interest in geriatrics and EOL training using this learning modality as long as training allowed for tailoring of materials.

The impact of continued intervention on weight: Five-year results from the weight loss maintenance trial.

OBJECTIVE: In the Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM) Trial, a personal contact (PC) intervention sustained greater weight loss relative to a self-directed (SD) group over 30 months. This study investigated the effects of continued intervention over an additional 30 months and overall weight change across the entire WLM Trial. METHODS: WLM had 3 phases. Phase 1 was a 6-month weight loss program. In Phase 2, those who lost ≥4 kg were randomized to a 30-month maintenance trial. In Phase 3, PC participants (n = 196, three sites) were re-randomized to no further intervention (PC-Control) or continued intervention (PC-Active) for 30 more months; 218 SD participants were also followed. RESULTS: During Phase 3, weight increased 1.0 kg in PC-Active and 0.5 kg in PC-Control (mean difference 0.6 kg; 95% CI:-1.4 to 2.7; P = 0.54). Mean weight change over the entire study was -3.2 kg in those originally assigned to PC (PC-Combined) and -1.6 kg in SD (mean difference -1.6 kg; 95% CI:-3.0 to -0.1; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: After 30 months of the PC maintenance intervention, continuation for another 30 months provided no additional benefit. However, across the entire study, weight loss was slightly greater in those originally assigned to PC.

The Conversations About Cancer (CAC) Project-Phase II: National findings from viewing When Cancer Calls and implications for Entertainment-Education (E-E).

OBJECTIVE: We address cancer communication by creating and assessing the impacts of a theatrical production, When Cancer Calls…(WCC…), anchored in conversations from the first natural history of a patient and family members talking through cancer on the telephone. METHODS: A national study was conducted using a multi-site and randomized controlled trial. An 80-minute video was produced to assess viewing impacts across cancer patients, survivors, and family members. Comparisons were made with a control video on cancer nutrition and diet. Pretest-posttest sample size was 1006, and 669 participants completed a 30-day follow-up impacts assessment. RESULTS: All five family and communication indices increased significantly for WCC…. When compared to the placebo, average pretest-posttest change scores were higher for self-efficacy (775%), family fabric (665%), outside support (189%), and family communication (97%). One month following viewings, WCC…participants reported 30% more conversations about cancer among patients and family members about cancer. CONCLUSION: A new genre of Entertainment-Education (E-E) was created that triggers positive reactions from audience members. Managing delicate and often complex communication about the trials, tribulations, hopes, and triumphs of cancer journeys is fundamentally important for everyday living. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Unique opportunities exist to make WCC… available to national and global audiences, create tailored curricula, and integrate these viewings into educational programs for patients, family members, and care-provider teams across diverse health, corporate, and governmental systems.

Effect of Structured Physical Activity on Sleep-Wake Behaviors in Sedentary Elderly Adults with Mobility Limitations.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of structured physical activity on sleep-wake behaviors in sedentary community-dwelling elderly adults with mobility limitations. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized trial of moderate-intensity physical activity versus health education, with sleep-wake behaviors prespecified as a tertiary outcome over a planned intervention period ranging from 24 to 30 months. SETTING: Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders Study. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling persons aged 70 to 89 who were initially sedentary and had a Short Physical Performance Battery score less than 10 (N = 1,635). MEASUREMENTS: Sleep-wake behaviors were evaluated using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (≥8 defined insomnia), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) (≥10 defined daytime drowsiness), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (>5 defined poor sleep quality) administered at baseline and 6, 18, and 30 months. RESULTS: The randomized groups were similar in terms of baseline demographic variables, including mean age (79) and sex (67% female). Structured physical activity resulted in a significantly lower likelihood of having poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for PSQI >5 = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68-0.94), including fewer new cases (aOR for PSQI >5 = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.54-0.89), than health education but not in resolution of prevalent cases (aOR for PSQI ≤5 = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.90-1.43). No significant intervention effects were observed for the ISI or ESS. CONCLUSION: Structured physical activity resulted in a lower likelihood of developing poor sleep quality (PSQI >5) over the intervention period than health education but had no effect on prevalent cases of poor sleep quality or on sleep-wake behaviors evaluated using the ISI or ESS. These results suggest that the benefit of physical activity in this sample was preventive and limited to sleep-wake behaviors evaluated using the PSQI.

Predictors for selection of insurance-funded weight loss approaches in individuals with severe obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are differences in baseline psychological and behavioral characteristics between individuals with severe obesity who chose a surgical or nonsurgical intervention for weight loss. METHODS: The current study utilized data from a larger study funded by a state insurance company and is unique in that the insurance company funded the weight loss interventions. Participants indicated their preferred method of weight loss, and completed several self-report psychological questionnaires, as well as demographic information. RESULTS: Participants (N = 605) were 58.8% Caucasian and mostly (86%) female. Logistic regression results indicated that an increased number of weight loss attempts, and select other measures of eating behavior and quality of life may influence individuals' selection for either surgical or nonsurgical treatments for weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should pay particular attention to these baseline characteristics that influence choice to examine potential characteristics that may influence the success of these weight loss treatments.

Five-year medical and pharmacy costs after a medically supervised intensive treatment program for obesity.

PURPOSE: The financial impact of intensive medical interventions for weight loss has not been fully studied. DESIGN: A randomized pragmatic clinical trial. SETTING: Seven primary care clinics and one research center in Louisiana. SUBJECTS: Severely obese individuals (body mass index 40-60 kg/m(2)) randomized to usual care (n = 190) or intensive medical management (n = 200). Forty-seven percent of participants completed year 2 follow-up and were included in the analyses. INTERVENTION: Physician-monitored intervention with recommendations for 12 weeks of liquid diet followed by 4 months of group behavioral therapy, structured diet, and option of pharmacotherapy, and an additional 16 months of maintenance strategies. MEASURES: Two-year preintervention and 5-year postintervention measures were computed from claims data and included (1) medical costs excluding pharmacy, (2) pharmacy costs only, (3) total medical and pharmacy costs, and (4) medical and pharmacy subcategory costs. ANALYSIS: Differential categories for preintervention and postintervention were created using total sample 75th percentiles. Chi-square tests were employed to compare the intervention groups both preintervention and postintervention with respect to the proportion of subjects above the 75th percentile for each of the cost categories. RESULTS: Medical costs excluding pharmacy did not differ between groups. The intensive medical intervention group had a significantly smaller percentage of subjects above the 75th percentile for pharmacy costs only (p = .0125), and for antidiabetic agents (p = .0464), antihypertensives (p = .0075), and dyslipidemic subcategories (p = .0197). CONCLUSION: An intensive medical intervention may reduce pharmaceutical expenditures in severely obese individuals. These results must be viewed with caution given the high attrition of study participants.

Psychosocial predictors of weight regain in the weight loss maintenance trial.

This study's purpose was to identify psychosocial predictors of weight loss maintenance in a multi-site clinical trial, following a group-based weight loss program. Participants (N = 1025) were predominately women (63%) and 38% were Black (mean age = 55.6 years; SD = 8.7). At 12 months, higher SF-36 mental health composite scores were associated with less weight regain (p < .01). For Black participants, an interaction existed between race and friends' encouragement for exercise, where higher exercise encouragement was related to more weight regain (p < .05). At 30 months, friends' encouragement for healthy eating was associated with more weight regain (p < .05), whereas higher SF-36 mental health composite scores were related to less weight regain (p < .0001). Perceived stress and select health-related quality of life indices were associated with weight regain; this relationship varied across gender, race, and treatment conditions. Temporal changes in these variables should be investigated for their impact on weight maintenance.

Why patients seek bariatric surgery: does insurance coverage matter?

Despite increasing prevalence of bariatric surgery, little is known about why patients seek out this treatment option. Heads Up is an observational study sponsored by a large benefits management group that examines surgical and nonsurgical approaches to weight management in obese adults. This study examined patients' reasons for choosing surgery. The sample included 360 adult obese patients seeking bariatric surgery who were invited to volunteer for a surgical or a medical weight loss program by their insurer. Participants rank ordered their top three reasons as a deciding factor for choosing to consider surgery. The top three reasons were concerns regarding health (52%), current obesity-related medical conditions (28%), and improved physical fitness (5%). Overall, 13% endorsed insurance coverage as one of their top three choices. When insurance coverage is assured, health and functionality issues were the major reasons reported for obese adults choosing to undergo bariatric surgery.

Predictors of dietary change among those who successfully lost weight in phase I of the Weight Loss Maintenance Trial.

AIM: Dietary changes occurring during weight loss interventions can vary. The present study tested if pretreatment psychosocial, dietary and demographic factors were associated with changes in fat intake and fruit and vegetable intake during a weight loss intervention. METHODS: This analysis includes participants who lost at least four kilograms during the initial six month weight loss phase (phase I) of the Weight Loss Maintenance Trial, a group format behavioural intervention emphasising a low-fat diet and increased physical activity. Multiple linear regression was used to determine associations between pretreatment psychosocial, dietary, physical activity, and demographic variables and changes from pretreatment to six months in fat intake and fruit and vegetable intake. RESULTS: Participants (n = 1032) were 63.4% female, 62.4% non-African American, and had a mean age of 55.6 and BMI of 34.1 kg/m2. Being African American (P < 0.0001) and higher baseline kilojoule intake (P < 0.01) were associated with smaller reductions in fat intake. Being African American (p < 0.001) and older age (P = 0.02) were associated with smaller increases in fruit and vegetable intake, whereas a history of 10 or more past weight loss episodes of at least 10 lb (4.5 kg; P < 0.01) was associated with greater increases. CONCLUSIONS: Few psychosocial factors examined contributed to variability in dietary change. Even when achieving meaningful weight losses during a behavioural weight loss intervention, African Americans may make fewer beneficial changes in fat and fruit and vegetable intake than non-African Americans.

Exercise training and quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether exercise improves quality of life (QOL) in individuals with type 2 diabetes and which exercise modalities are involved. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in individuals with type 2 Diabetes (HART-D; n = 262) was a 9-month exercise study comparing the effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or a combination of resistance and aerobic training versus a nonexercise control group on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in sedentary individuals with type 2 diabetes. This study is an ancillary analysis that examined changes in QOL after exercise training using the Short Form-36 Health Survey questionnaire compared across treatment groups and with U.S. national norms. RESULTS: The ancillary sample (n = 173) had high baseline QOL compared with U.S. national norms. The QOL physical component subscale (PCS) and the general health (GH) subscale were improved by all three exercise training conditions compared with the control group condition (resistance: PCS, P = 0.005; GH, P = 0.003; aerobic: PCS, P = 0.001; GH, P = 0.024; combined: PCS, P = 0.015; GH, P = 0.024). The resistance training group had the most beneficial changes in bodily pain (P = 0.026), whereas physical functioning was most improved in the aerobic and combined condition groups (P = 0.025 and P = 0.03, respectively). The changes in the mental component score did not differ between the control group and any of the exercise groups (all P > 0.05). The combined training condition group had greater gains than the aerobic training condition group in the mental component score (P = 0.004), vitality (P = 0.031), and mental health (P = 0.008) and greater gains in vitality compared with the control group (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise improves QOL in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Combined aerobic/resistance exercise produces greater benefit in some QOL domains.

Weight loss history as a predictor of weight loss: results from Phase I of the weight loss maintenance trial.

Past studies have suggested that weight loss history is associated with subsequent weight loss. However, questions remain whether method and amount of weight lost in previous attempts impacts current weight loss efforts. This study utilized data from the Weight Loss Maintenance Trial to examine the association between weight loss history and weight loss outcomes in a diverse sample of high-risk individuals. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to determine which specific aspects of weight loss history predict change in weight during a 6-month weight loss intervention. Greater weight loss was predicted by fewer previous weight loss attempts with assistance (p = 0.03), absence of previous dietary/herbal weight loss supplement use (p = 0.01), and greater maximum weight loss in previous attempts (p < 0.001). Future interventions may benefit from assessment of weight loss history and tailoring of interventions based on past weight loss behaviors and outcomes.

Cancer survival through lifestyle change (CASTLE): a pilot study of weight loss.

BACKGROUND: Excess weight is a strong predictor of incident breast cancer (BC) and survivorship. A limited number of studies comparing strategies for promoting successful weight loss in women with remitted BC exist. PURPOSE: CASTLE was a pilot study comparing the effectiveness/feasibility of in-person and telephonic behavioral-based lifestyle weight loss interventions in BC survivors. METHOD: Fifty-two overweight/obese women (BMI = 25-45 kg/m(2)) with remitted BC (stages I-IIIa) who recently completed cancer treatment were assigned to either an in-person group (n = 24) or an individual telephone-based condition (n = 11). Both interventions focused on increasing physical activity and reducing caloric intake. The phase I intervention lasted 6 months. The in-person condition received 16 group-based sessions, and the telephone condition received intervention calls approximately weekly. Phase II lasted 6 months (e.g., months 6-12), and all participants received monthly intervention calls via telephone. RESULTS: Participants were predominately Caucasian (80 %) with a mean age of 52.8 (8.0) years and BMI of 31.9 (5.4) kg/m(2). Mixed models ANOVAs showed significant within group weight loss after 6 months for both the in-person (-3.3 kg ± 4.4, p = 0.002) and the telephonic (-4.0 kg ± 6.0, p = 0.01) conditions with no between group differences. During phase II, the in-person group demonstrated significant weight regain (1.3 kg ± 1.7, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Our pilot study findings demonstrated that telephone-based behavioral weight loss programs are effective and feasible in BC survivors and that telephonic programs may have advantages in promoting weight loss maintenance.

Actual medical and pharmacy costs for bariatric surgery: 6-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the change in total medical expenditures, total pharmacy expenditures, and subcategories of medical and pharmacy expenditures in obese individuals following weight loss surgery (WLS), and to compare these costs with expenditures in obese individuals not receiving WLS. METHODS: Louisiana Office of Group Benefits (OGB), the state-managed health insurer, invited members to be evaluated for insurance-covered WLS. Of 951 obese members who provided written consent to begin the WLS screening process, 40 were selected for surgery. Medical and pharmaceutical claims cost data of the 911 patients who did not have surgery and the 39 individuals who completed surgery were compared over a 2-year presurgical and 6-year postsurgical period. RESULTS: Total nonpharmacy medical costs were lower for WLS patients compared with non-WLS patients beginning 4 years postsurgery and lasting through 6 years postsurgery. No differences were found between WLS and non-WLS patients in expenditures for most medical subcategories examined, including emergency department, physical and occupational therapy, office visits, and laboratory/pathology; whereas sleep facility and all remaining medical expenditures not represented by a subcategory were lower for WLS patients during some postsurgery years. Total pharmacy costs were lower for WLS participants at 2 and 3 years postsurgery, but these lower costs were not maintained; however, costs remained lower for antidiabetic agents, antihypertensive agents, and dyslipidemic agents through all 6 postsurgery years under study. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of WLS may begin to be recouped within the first 4 years postsurgery with continued effects 6 years postsurgery.

The effect of exercise training modality on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in memory, learning, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the relationship of BDNF with cardiometabolic risk factors is unclear, and the effect of exercise training on BDNF has not been previously explored in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Men and women (N = 150) with type 2 diabetes were randomized to an aerobic exercise (aerobic), resistance exercise (resistance), or a combination of both (combination) for 9 months. Serum BDNF levels were evaluated at baseline and follow-up from archived blood samples. RESULTS: Baseline serum BDNF was not associated with fitness, body composition, anthropometry, glucose control, or strength measures (all, p>0.05). Similarly, no significant change in serum BDNF levels was observed following exercise training in the aerobic (-1649.4 pg/ml, CI: -4768.9 to 1470.2), resistance (-2351.2 pg/ml, CI:-5290.7 to 588.3), or combination groups (-827.4 pg/ml, CI: -3533.3 to 1878.5) compared to the control group (-2320.0 pg/ml, CI: -5750.8 to 1110.8). However, reductions in waist circumference were directly associated with changes in serum BDNF following training (r = 0.25, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Serum BDNF was not associated with fitness, body composition, anthropometry, glucose control, or strength measures at baseline. Likewise, serum BDNF measures were not altered by 9 months of aerobic, resistance, or combination training. However, reductions in waist circumference were associated with decreased serum BDNF levels. Future studies should investigate the relevance of BDNF with measures of cognitive function specifically in individuals with type-2 diabetes.