A scoping review of social media in child, adolescents and young adults: research findings in depression, anxiety and other clinical challenges.

BACKGROUND: Social media and other technologies are reshaping communication and health. AIMS: This review addresses the relationship between social media use, behavioural health conditions and psychological well-being for youth aged <25 years. METHOD: A scoping review of 11 literature databases from 2000 to 2020 explored research studies in youth in five areas: clinical depression and anxiety, quantitative use, social media mode, engagement and qualitative dimensions and health and well-being. RESULTS: Out of 2820 potential literature references, 140 met the inclusion criteria. The foci were clinical depression and anxiety disorders (n = 78), clinical challenges (e.g. suicidal ideation, cyberbullying) (n = 34) and psychological well-being (n = 28). Most studies focused on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. Few studies are longitudinal in design (n = 26), had comparison groups (n = 27), were randomised controlled trials (n = 3) or used structured assessments (n = 4). Few focused on different youth and sociodemographic populations, particularly for low-income, equity-seeking and deserving populations. Studies examined association (n = 120; 85.7%), mediating (n = 16; 11.4%) and causal (n = 4; 2.9%) relationships. Prospective, longitudinal studies of depression and anxiety appear to indicate that shorter use (≤3 h/day) and purposeful engagement is associated with better mood and psychological well-being. Depression may predict social media use and reduce perception of support. Findings provide families, teachers and providers ways to engage youth. CONCLUSIONS: Research opportunities include clinical outcomes from functional perspective on a health continuum, diverse youth and sociodemographic populations, methodology, intervention and privacy issues. More longitudinal studies, comparison designs and effectiveness approaches are also needed. Health systems face clinical, training and professional development challenges.

pH Controlled Nanostructure and Optical Properties of ZnO and Al-Doped ZnO Nanorod Arrays Grown by Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Method.

The low-temperature microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was used to successfully grow pure and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) nanorod (NR) arrays on glass substrates. The combined effects of doping and pH on the structural properties, surface chemistry, and optical properties of all samples were investigated. Thermodynamic-based simulations of the growth solution were performed and a growth mechanism, that considers the effects of both the pH and Al-doping, is proposed, and discussed. Tuning the solution pH is key parameter to grow well-aligned, single crystal, highly packed, and high aspect ratio nanorod arrays. Moreover, the optical absorption in the visible range is enhanced by controlling the pH value. The PL spectra reveal a shift of the main radiative emission from the band-to-band into a transition involving deep defect levels of Zinc interstitial Zni. This shift is caused by an enhancement of the non-radiative components (phonon relaxation) at high pH values. The production of well-ordered ZnO and AZO nanorod arrays with visible-active absorption/emission centers would increase their potential use in various applications.

Sn2+ Doping: A Strategy for Tuning of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Magnetization Dipping Temperature/Amplitude, Irreversibility, and Curie Point.

Doped magnetite (SnxFe3-2/3xO4) nanoparticles (NPs) (12-50 nm) with different amount of Sn2+ ions (x) were synthesized using co-precipitation method. Sn2+ doping reduces the anticipated oxidation of Fe3O4 NPs to maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), making them attractive in several magnetic applications. Detailed characterizations during heating-cooling cycles revealed the possibility of tuning the unusual observed magnetization dipping temperature/amplitude, irreversibility, and Curie point of these NPs. We attribute this dip to the chemical reduction of γ-Fe2O3 at the NPs surfaces. Along with an increase in the dipping temperature, we found that doping with Sn2+ reduces the dipping amplitude, until it approximately disappears when x = 0.150. Based on the core-shell structure of these NPs, a phenomenological expression that combines both modified Bloch law (M = M0[1 - γ(T/TC)]ß) and a modified Curie-Weiss law (M = - α[1/(T - TC)δ]) is developed in order to explain the observed M-T behavior at different applied external magnetic fields and for different Sn2+ concentrations. By applying high enough magnetic field, the value of the parameters γ and δ ≈ 1 which are the same in modified Bloch and Curie-Weiss laws. They do not change with the magnetic field and depend only on the material structure and size. The power ß for high magnetic field was 2.6 which is as expected for this size of nanoparticles with the core dominated magnetization. However, the ß value fluctuates between 3 and 10 for small magnetic fields indicating an extra magnetic contribution from the shell structure presented by Curie-Weiss term. The parameter (α) has a very small value and it turns to negative values for high magnetic fields.

Influence of Atomic Hydrogen, Band Bending, and Defects in the Top Few Nanometers of Hydrothermally Prepared Zinc Oxide Nanorods.

We report on the surface, sub-surface (top few nanometers) and bulk properties of hydrothermally grown zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) prior to and after hydrogen treatment. Upon treating with atomic hydrogen (H*), upward and downward band bending is observed depending on the availability of molecular H2O within the structure of the NRs. In the absence of H2O, the H* treatment demonstrated a cleaning effect of the nanorods, leading to a 0.51 eV upward band bending. In addition, enhancement in the intensity of room temperature photoluminescence (PL) signals due to the creation of new surface defects could be observed. The defects enhanced the visible light activity of the ZnO NRs which were subsequently used to photocatalytically degrade aqueous phenol under simulated sunlight. On the contrary, in the presence of H2O, H* treatment created an electronic accumulation layer inducing downward band bending of 0.45 eV (~1/7th of the bulk ZnO band gap) along with the weakening of the defect signals as observed from room temperature photoluminescence spectra. The results suggest a plausible way of tailoring the band bending and defects of the ZnO NRs through control of H2O/H* species.