Grade 3 endometrioid adenocarinoma of the lower uterine segment diagnosed 6 weeks after a term delivery: A case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in Australian women. Less than 5% of cases occur in women under 40 years of age and it is rarely associated with pregnancy. Most cases associated with pregnancy are diagnosed after first trimester loss. Only 14 cases of endometrial cancer diagnosed post-partum are reported in the literature. These cases were diagnosed up to 15 months post-partum. The histopathological classification was low grade in 12 patients and high grade in two patients. CASE: We describe a 37 year old woman, who presented after her second vaginal delivery (at 37 weeks of gestation) with suspected retained products of conception (RPOC). She had a dilation and curettage leading to the diagnosis of endometrial cancer six weeks post-partum. She underwent a total laparoscopic hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and bilateral sentinel node biopsy. Histopathology confirmed a stage 1B grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma located in the lower uterine segment with widespread lymph-vascular invasion and no other evidence of malignancy. She is planned to complete six cycles of adjuvant carboplatin/ paclitaxel chemotherapy, followed by pelvic external beam radiotherapy. DISCUSSION: We report the second case of a high-grade endometrial cancer diagnosed post-partum. The bulk of this tumour was in the lower segment of the uterus, which together with the fundal placenta, likely permitted the pregnancy progressing to term. Endometrial cancer should be considered a rare cause of abnormal post-partum bleeding. Curettage and histopathology examination is recommended in cases that do not resolve with conservative measures to exclude this rare complication.

Assessment of current follow-up for complete molar pregnancies: A single centre review.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend that resolution of a complete molar pregnancy (CMP) can only be confirmed once a negative ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) has been maintained for six months following uterine surgical evacuation. However, multiple studies have found that the risk of developing gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) once a negative ß-hCG had been obtained is negligible, which suggests that a shorter follow-up may be reasonable. AIM: To determine the trend in ß-hCG following diagnosis of a CMP and the incidence of GTN, in a single unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients presenting to the tertiary hospital, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Early Pregnancy Assessment Service (RPAH EPAS), with a histopathological diagnosis of a CMP between 2010 and 2017 were included. Data collected included age, parity, ß-hCG at diagnosis, subsequent ß-hCG levels, incidence of GTN and treatment required. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients were diagnosed with CMP between January 2010 and July 2017 through RPAH EPAS. The mean age of women diagnosed with a CMP was 33 years. None of the 40 patients who spontaneously achieved a negative ß-hCG and completed their six months follow-up had a subsequent rise in ß-hCG. The median number of days from surgical evacuation to normalisation of ß-hCG was 55.5 days. Sixteen out of 67 patients who had a CMP required further management for persistent GTN. None of these patients achieved a negative ß-hCG prior to further management. CONCLUSIONS: Consideration could be made to decreasing the period of ß-hCG monitoring for women who achieve a spontaneous negative ß-hCG following surgical evacuation of a CMP.

Precaval recurrent endometrial cancer treated with en-bloc resection of the inferior vena cava and reconstruction using bovine pericardium. A case report and review of the literature.

•Bovine pericardium for IVC reconstruction has significant advantages comparing to vascular ligation, autogenous or PTFE grafts.•En-bloc resection of metastatic precaval lymph nodes and reconstruction of the IVC is feasible.•Recurrence of endometrial cancer at para-aortic lymph nodes is good candidate for secondary cytoreduction with MDT approach.

Follow-up after treatment of high-grade cervical dysplasia: The utility of six-month colposcopy and cytology and routine 12-month colposcopy.

BACKGROUND: Australian Cervical Screening Program guidelines no longer recommend colposcopy and cytology at six months following treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3) and a co-test of cure can be performed at 12 months without colposcopy. AIMS: To determine the usefulness of six-month colposcopy and cytology and routine colposcopy with co-testing at 12 months in detecting persistent or recurrent disease in patients treated for CIN2/3. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a review of all patients with histologically proven CIN2/3 who underwent a cervical excisional procedure between March 2012 and March 2017 in one specialised centre. RESULTS: We examined 1215 cases and 750 remained after exclusions for analysis. At six months (722 cases, 96.2%) seven of 42 (16.7%) patients with high-grade cytology had a high-grade colposcopy and 24 of 42 (57.1%) had a normal colposcopy. Persistent CIN2/3 was diagnosed in 12 cases (1.7%) and only 1/3 had a high-grade colposcopy. Cytology was more useful than colposcopy in detecting persistent disease. At 12 months (638 cases, 85%) routine colposcopy at the time of co-testing had a high false positive rate with all high-grade changes negative on biopsy and co-test. Recurrent CIN2/3 was diagnosed in five cases, and four had normal colposcopy at co-testing. CONCLUSIONS: There may be a delay in detection of persistent/recurrent CIN2/3 in a small number of cases without six-month colposcopy and cytology; however, it is not likely to negatively impact overall clinical outcome. Co-testing at 12 months following treatment of CIN2/3 without colposcopy is safe and routine colposcopy at collection of the co-test can be omitted.

Endometrial adenocarcinoma arising in a pelvic implant following uterine morcellation: A case report.

We report a unique case of a 60-year-old woman developing endometrial cancer in a uterine deposit 18 years after she had undergone laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy with morcellation for benign pathology. She had used unopposed estrogen as menopausal hormone therapy. She presented with a pelvic mass that was causing pressure symptoms. On imaging, the mass had an enhancing vascular nodular component and appeared to abut normal ovaries and the residual cervix. She proceeded to laparotomy, where a 12 cm pelvic mass was found morbidly adherent to the bladder anteriorly and to the cervical stump. The pelvic mass was excised, and trachelectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. Adjacent to this mass was a separate, 5 cm adnexal mass, which was also excised. Histopathology of the smaller pelvic mass was consistent with endometrial adenocarcinoma grade 1, arising in complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia surrounded by myometrium consistent with a uterine implant. This case highlights the need for consideration and discussion of possible risks of subtotal hysterectomy and morcellation of the uterus for benign disease. Furthermore, given the results in this patient, the use of unopposed estrogen in such patients is discouraged due to possible effects on any residual endometrium still present.

Assessment of disease-specific knowledge in Australian children with inflammatory bowel disease and their parents.

AIMS: Disease-specific knowledge may influence disease outcome and quality of life in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This prospective study aimed to define IBD-related knowledge in a group of Australian children with IBD and their parents using a validated measure of disease-specific knowledge, the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Knowledge Inventory Device (IBD-KID). METHODS: Children (less than 18 years) diagnosed with IBD who were members of the Australian patient support organisation were identified. Each family was sent copies of the IBD-KID. Children aged 10-18 years and all parents were asked to complete the IBD-KID and to also provide demographic details and disease characteristics. RESULTS: Replies were received from 196 families: 262 parents and 128 children completed questionnaires. Most children had a diagnosis of Crohn disease (65%) and 51% were male. Children diagnosed in the preceding 6 years scored higher than those with longer time since diagnosis. Parents had better scores in the IBD-KID than the children (P < 0.0001). Overall, parents and children had poor understanding of key management issues for IBD (such as side effects of steroids), important outcomes (e.g. growth) and the use of complementary therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent patterns of IBD-related knowledge were noted in this large group of Australian children with IBD and their parents. Measurement of disease-related knowledge with the IBD-KID can identify gaps in understanding, thereby permitting focused educational activities. Although these knowledge gaps may impact upon outcomes, further prospective studies are now required to elucidate the relationships between enhanced knowledge and specific outcomes.