Highly Multiplexed, Efficient, and Automated Single-Cell MicroRNA Sequencing with Digital Microfluidics.

Single-cell microRNA (miRNA) sequencing has allowed for comprehensively studying the abundance and complex networks of miRNAs, which provides insights beyond single-cell heterogeneity into the dynamic regulation of cellular events. Current benchtop-based technologies for single-cell miRNA sequencing are low throughput, limited reaction efficiency, tedious manual operations, and high reagent costs. Here, a highly multiplexed, efficient, integrated, and automated sample preparation platform is introduced for single-cell miRNA sequencing based on digital microfluidics (DMF), named Hiper-seq. The platform integrates major steps and automates the iterative operations of miRNA sequencing library construction by digital control of addressable droplets on the DMF chip. Based on the design of hydrophilic micro-structures and the capability of handling droplets of DMF, multiple single cells can be selectively isolated and subject to sample processing in a highly parallel way, thus increasing the throughput and efficiency for single-cell miRNA measurement. The nanoliter reaction volume of this platform enables a much higher miRNA detection ability and lower reagent cost compared to benchtop methods. It is further applied Hiper-seq to explore miRNAs involved in the ossification of mouse skeletal stem cells after bone fracture and discovered unreported miRNAs that regulate bone repairing.

Effect of gender factor on efficacy of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of gender factor on efficacy of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in the patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.Methods:Two hundred patients, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index of 18-30 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classificationⅠor Ⅱ, scheduled for elective gastrointestinal endoscopy, were divided into 2 groups ( n=100 each) according to gender: male group (group M) and female group (group F). Remimazolam 0.2-0.3 mg/kg and alfentanil 5-7 μg/kg were intravenously injected, remimazolam 0.5-0.7 mg·kg -1·h -1 was continuously infused during operation to maintain the modified observer′s assessment of alert/sedation score<3 points, and alfentanil 2 μg/kg was administered when necessary. The consumption of remimazolam and alfentanil, examination time, recovery time and time of post-anesthesia care unit stay were recorded. The satisfaction scores of examination physicians and patients were recorded. The occurrence of adverse reactions such as injection pain, intraoperative body movement, respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia and hiccups and postoperative dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, abdominal pain and abdominal distension were recorded. Results:There was no significant difference in the consumption of remimazolam and alfentanil, examination time, recovery time, satisfaction scores of examination physicians and patients between the two groups ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia, injection pain, body movement, hiccups, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and fatigue between the two groups ( P>0.05). Compared with group M, the time of post-anesthesia care unit stay was significantly prolonged, and the incidence of postoperative dizziness, nausea and vomiting was increased in group F ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Remimazolam combined with alfentanil provides better efficacy in male patients than in female patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Portable and miniature mercury analyzer using direct sampling inbuilt-metal ceramic electrothermal vaporization.

In this work, a small-size inbuilt-metal ceramic heater (IMCH) was for the first time utilized as a solid sampling electrothermal vaporizer (ETV), and then a novel direct sampling mercury analyzer coupled with a miniature atomic absorption spectrometer was thereby fabricated for sensitive determination of mercury in soil. The mercury analyzer is mainly composed of an IMCH-ETV, a catalytic pyrolysis furnace (CPF) using Al2O3 particles as a new filler, an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) and a miniature air pump for carrier gas; herein, the mostly used gold amalgamation was canceled. The IMCH with 30 W heating fulfills the 100% vaporization of mercury from up to 80 mg soil samples using 0.1 L min-1 air carrier. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limit (LOD) was 0.4 ng g-1 for a 50 mg sample and the RSD of 11 repeated measurements of GSS-3a soil certified reference material (CRM) was 4%. Furthermore, the measured Hg values in various soil CRMs and real soil samples were within their certified values and consistent with that using the Chinese standard method (solid sampling catalytic pyrolysis AAS with gold amalgamation); and the recoveries were 85-113%, which proved favorable analytical accuracy and precision. This fabricated instrumentation only occupies 5 kg and 200 W power consumption vs. more than 25 kg and 1000 W for the traditional Hg analyzer. Therefore, the proposed IMCH-ETV-AAS method is very suitable for portable and rapid detection of mercury in soil.

The progressive application of single-cell RNA sequencing technology in cardiovascular diseases.

The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease ranks first in the world. Its pathogenesis involves not only internal factors such as immunity, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and self-development but also external factors such as the environment. In the last decade, the emergence of single-cell technology has greatly promoted the development of disease research. Among them, the more mature single-cell RNA sequencing can carry out high-throughput analysis of single cells while studying with single-cell resolution. This technology enables people to characterize the heterogeneity of single cells, identify rare cell types in heart and blood vessels, and construct human heart cell map. With the data analysis of bioinformatics experts, it can also reconstruct the development track of the heart, to construct a map of heart development. Single-cell sequencing plays an important role in analyzing the human physiological structure and disease progression due to its advantages of single-cell resolution. The possibility of combining other omics technologies is proposed by summarizing the existing application examples and advanced technologies like spatial transcriptome. In this review, we summarize the current single-cell sequencing technologies (plate-based and droplet-based) and describe the data analysis process. The latest findings in cardiovascular disease using single-cell RNA sequencing technology are described. Finally, we discussed the shortcomings of single-cell RNA sequencing technology. At the same time, the possibility of the combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial omics technology, and how to apply it to the study of cardiovascular diseases is discussed.

A live attenuated vaccine confers superior mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants

Vaccines are a cornerstone in COVID-19 pandemic management. Here, we compare immune responses to and preclinical efficacy of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2, an adenovirus-vectored spike vaccine, and the live-attenuated-virus vaccine candidate sCPD9 after single and double vaccination in Syrian hamsters. All regimens containing sCPD9 showed superior efficacy. The robust immunity elicited by sCPD9 was evident in a wide range of immune parameters after challenge with heterologous SARS-CoV-2 including rapid viral clearance, reduced tissue damage, fast differentiation of pre-plasmablasts, strong systemic and mucosal humoral responses, and rapid recall of memory T cells from lung tissue. Our results demonstrate that use of live-attenuated vaccines may offer advantages over available COVID-19 vaccines, specifically when applied as booster, and may provide a solution for containment of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cilo-seq: highly sensitive cell-in-library-out single-cell transcriptome sequencing with digital microfluidics.

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) plays a critical role in revealing genetic expression patterns at the single-cell level for cell type identification and rare transcript detection. Although there have been great advances in scRNA-seq methodologies, existing technologies still suffer from complexity and high cost, and an integrated platform for complete library construction is still lacking. Herein we describe Cilo-seq for high-performance scRNA-seq library construction in a single device with programmed and addressable droplet handling based on digital microfluidics. The platform is simultaneously accessible for convenient single-cell isolation, efficient nucleic acid amplification, low-loss nucleic acid purification and high-quality library preparation by leveraging specific interface design, tiny reaction volume, auxiliary magnetic field control and accurate droplet control. With a closed hydrophobic interface, the platform further reduces nucleic acid loss and exogenous background interference. Cilo-seq provides excellent detection sensitivity (1.4-fold improvement over tube-based methods), accuracy (R = 0.98) and cost efficiency (10-fold decrease in cost compared to tube-based methods), and holds great promise for studies of single-cell RNA biology.

Efficacy of remimazolam combined with propofol for sedation in pediatric patients undergoing outpatient dental root canal treatment / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of remimazolam combined with propofol for sedation in the pediatric patients undergoing outpatient root canal treatment.Methods:Seventy pediatric patients of either sex, aged 2-6 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, with an expected treatment time<1 h, scheduled for elective outpatient root canal treatment, were divided into 2 groups ( n=35 each) using a random number table method: propofol group (P group) and remimazolam plus propofol group (RP group). Induction of anesthesia was as follows: propofol 1-3 mg/kg was intravenously injected until BIS value was less than 60 in group P, and remimazolam 0.2 mg/kg and propofol 1-3 mg/kg were intravenously injected until BIS value was less than 60 in group RP.Anesthesia maintenance was as follows: propofol 6-12 mg·kg -1·h -1 was intravenously infused in group P, and remimazolam 0.3 mg·kg -1·h -1 and propofol 6-12 mg·kg -1·h -1 were intravenously infused in group RP.The BIS value was maintained at 50-70 during operation.Spontaneous breathing was kept, and oxygen was inhaled through a nasal catheter with oxygen flow rate of 2-3 L/min in both groups.The amount of propofol consumed during induction and maintenance periods and the total consumption were recorded.The onset time of sedation, duration of operation, emergence time and duration of post-anesthesia care unit stay were recorded.The adverse reactions such as intraoperative respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia, coughing and body movement, emergence agitation and postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded. Results:Compared with group P, the amount of propofol consumed during induction and maintenance periods and the total consumption were significantly reduced, the onset time of sedation was prolonged, the emergence time and duration of post-anesthesia care unit stay were shorted, the incidence of respiratory depression was decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the incidence of duration of operation, hypotension, bradycardia, body movement or emergence agitation in group RP ( P>0.05). No intraoperative coughing or postoperative nausea and vomiting was found in two groups. Conclusions:The combination of remimazolam and propofol provides better efficacy than propofol alone when used for sedation in the pediatric patients undergoing outpatient dental root canal treatment.

Effect of obesity on dose-effect relationship of remimazolam when combined with alfentanil in painless gastroscopy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of obesity on the dose-effect relationship of remimazolam when combined with alfentanil in painless gastroscopy.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰor Ⅱ patients of both sexes, scheduled for elective painless gastroscopy, aged 18-64 yr, were divided into 2 groups according to the body mass index (BMI): normal (BMI 19-24 kg/m 2) group and obese (BMI≥28 kg/m 2) group.Alfentanil 5 μg/kg combined with remimazolam was given intravenously in all the patients, and the dose of remimazolam was determined by the modified Dixon′s up-and-down method.The initial dose of remimazolam was 0.25 mg/kg, and each time the dose was increased or decreased by 0.05 mg/kg based on the sedative effect.The response was defined as positive when the responses that affected the operation of examination developed during insertion of the gastroscope and within the first 2 min of examination such as swallowing, bucking or body movement.This process was repeated until the seventh intersection occurred.The 50% effective dose (ED 50), 95% effective dose (ED 95), and 95% confidence interval ( CI) of remimazolam were calculated by probit method. Results:There were 26 patients in normal group and 18 patients in obese group.The ED 50 (95% CI) of remimazolam was 0.196 (0.087-0.274) mg/kg, and the ED 95 (95% CI) was 0.322 (0.256-1.397) mg/kg in normal group.The ED 50 (95% CI) of remimazolam was 0.125 (0.102-0.148) mg/kg, and the ED 95 (95% CI) was 0.161 (0.141-0.242) mg/kg in obese group.The ED 50 and ED 95 were significantly lower in obese group than in normal group ( P<0.001). Conclusions:Obesity increases the potency of remimazolam when combined with alfentanil 5 μg/kg in the patients undergoing painless gastroscopy.

Nucleocapsid 203 mutations enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion

Previous work indicated that the nucleocapsid 203 mutation increase the virulence and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant. However, Delta later outcompeted Alpha and other lineages, promoting a new wave of infections. Delta also possesses a nucleocapsid 203 mutation, R203M. Large-scale epidemiological analyses suggest a synergistic effect of the 203 mutation and the spike L452R mutation, associated with Delta expansion. Viral competition experiments demonstrate the synergistic effect in fitness and infectivity. More importantly, we found that the combination of R203M and L452R brings in a 3.2-fold decrease in neutralizing titers to the neutralizing serum relative to L452R-only virus. R203M/L452R show an increased fitness after the initiation of global vaccination programmes, possibly associated with the enhanced immune evasion. Another rapidly emerging variant Omicron also bears the 203 mutation. Thus, we proposed that nucleocapsid mutations play an essential role for the rise and predominance of variants in concern.

Unconventional secretion of unglycosylated ORF8 is critical for the cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a respiratory infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is accumulating rapidly. In addition to structural proteins such as Spike and Envelope, the functional roles of non-structural and accessory proteins in regulating viral life cycle and host immune responses remain to be understood. Here, we show that open reading frame 8 (ORF8) acts as messenger for inter-cellular communication between alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, ORF8 is a secretory protein that can be secreted by infected epithelial cells via both conventional and unconventional secretory pathways. The unconventionally secreted ORF8 recognizes the IL17RA receptor of macrophages and induces cytokine release. However, conventionally secreted ORF8 cannot bind to IL17RA due to N-linked glycosylation. Furthermore, we found that Yip1 interacting factor homolog B (YIF1B) is a channel protein that translocates unglycosylated ORF8 into vesicles for unconventional secretion. Blocking the unconventional secretion of ORF8 via a YIF1B knockout in hACE2 mice attenuates inflammation and yields delayed mortality following SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

Novel Dielectric Barrier Discharge Trap for Arsenic Introduced by Electrothermal Vaporization: Possible Mechanism and Its Application.

In this work, a novel integrated dielectric barrier discharge (IDBD) reactor coupled to an electrothermal vaporizer (ETV) was established for arsenic determination. It is for the first time gas-phase enrichment (GPE) was fulfilled based on the hyphenation of ETV and DBD. The mechanisms of evolution of arsenic atomic and molecular species during vaporization, transportation, trapping, and release processes were investigated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and other approaches. Tentative mechanisms were deduced as follows: the newly designed DBD atomizer (DBDA) tube upstream to the air inlet fulfills the atomization of arsenic nanoparticles in vaporized aerosol, leading to free arsenic atoms that are indispensable for forming arsenic oxides; the DBD trap (DBDT) tube traps arsenic oxides under an O2-domininating atmosphere and then releases arsenic atoms under H2-dominating atmospheres. In essence, this process is a physical-chemical process rather than an electrostatic particle deposition. Such a trap and release sequence separates matrix interference and enhances analytical sensitivity. Under the optimized conditions, the method detection limit (LOD) was 0.04 mg/kg and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were within 6% for As standard solution and real seafood samples, indicating adequate analytical sensitivity and precision. The mean spiked recoveries for laver, kelp, and Undaria pinnatifida samples were 95-110%, and the results of the certified reference materials (CRMs) were consistent with certified values. This ETV-DBD preconcentration scheme is easy and green and has low cost for As analysis in seafood samples. DBD was proved a novel ETV transportation enhancement and preconcentration technique for arsenic, revealing its potential in rapid arsenic analysis based on direct solid sampling ETV instrumentation.

Nucleocapsid mutation R203K/G204R increases the infectivity, fitness and virulence of SARS-CoV-2

In addition to the mutations on the spike protein (S), co-occurring mutations on nucleocapsid (N) protein are also emerging in SARS-CoV-2 world widely. Mutations R203K/G204R on N, carried by high transmissibility SARS-CoV-2 lineages including B.1.1.7 and P.1, has a rapid spread in the pandemic during the past year. In this study, we performed comprehensive population genomic analyses and virology experiment concerning on the evolution, causation and virology consequence of R203K/G204R mutations. The global incidence frequency (IF) of 203K/204R has rose up from nearly zero to 76% to date with a shrinking from August to November in 2020 but bounced later. Our results show that the emergence of B.1.1.7 is associated with the second growth of R203K/G204R mutants. We identified positive selection evidences that support the adaptiveness of 203K/204R variants. The R203K/G204R mutant virus was created and compared with the native virus. The virus competition experiments show that 203K/204R variants possess a replication advantage over the preceding R203/G204 variants, possibly in relation to the ribonucleocapsid (RNP) assemble during the virus replication. Moreover, the 203K/204R virus increased the infectivity in a human lung cell line and induced an enhanced damage to blood vessel of infected hamsters lungs. In consistence, we observed a positive association between the increased severity of COVID-19 and the IF of 203K/204R from in silicon analysis of global clinical and epidemic data. In combination with the informatics and virology experiment, our work suggested the contribution of 203K/204R to the increased transmission and virulence of the SARS-CoV-2. In addition to mutations on the S protein, the mutations on the N protein are also important to virus spread during the pandemic.

Fast and High Sensitive Analysis of Lead in Human Blood by Direct Sampling Hydride Generation Coupled with in situ Dielectric Barrier Discharge Trap.

A direct sampling hydride generation (HG) system based on modified gas liquid separator (GLS) coupled with in situ dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is first rendered to detect lead in blood samples. Herein, a triple-layer coaxial quartz tube was employed as DBD trap (DBDT) to replace the original atomizer of atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) to satisfy the in situ preconcentration. After 40-fold dilution, foams generated from protein in a blood sample can be eliminated via the double-GLS set; and lead in a blood sample were generated as plumbane under 3.5% HNO3 (v:v) and 30 g/L NaOH with 8 g/L KBH4, 10 g/L H3BO3, and 5 g/L K3[Fe(CN)6]. Then, lead analyte was trapped on the DBD quartz surface by 9 kV discharging at 50 mL/min air; and subsequently released by 12 kV discharging at 110 mL/min H2. The absolute detection limit (LOD) for Pb was 8 pg (injection volume = 2 mL), and the linearity (R2 > 0.997) range was 0.05 - 50 µg/L. The results were in good agreement with that of blood certified reference materials (CRM), and spiked recoveries for real blood samples were 95 - 104% within a relative standard deviation of 5% (RSD). Via gas phase enrichment, the established method improved analytical sensitivity (peak height) by 8 times. The entire analysis time including blood sample preparation can be kept to within 10 min. The combination of modified GLS and DBDT can facilitate the quickness, accuracy, and sensitivity, revealing a promising future for monitoring lead in blood to protect humans, especially children's health.

Study on Isolation ，Purification and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of the Polysaccharides from Cucumis satiuus / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To isolate and purify the polysaccharides from Cucumis satiuus ，and to investigate its in vitro antioxidant activity. METHODS ：The crude polysaccharides （CCL）were extracted from C. satiuus by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. CCL was separated and purified on Amberlite FPA 90Cl anion and Amberlite FPC 3500H cation exchange resin column and DEAE cellulose 52 column，so as to obtain 3 kinds of polysaccharides as CCL-M 2，CCL-M3，CCL-M6. The purity ， molecular weight ，structure and monosaccharide composition of 3 kinds of polysaccharides were analyzed by HPLC-ELSD ， UPLC-QTOF/MS，UV and IR. Using vitamin C （VC）as positive control ，the scavenging activity of CCL-M 2，CCL-M3 and CCL-M6（0.4，0.8，1.2，1.6，2.0 mg/mL）to 1，1-dibenzene-2-trinitrobenzene free radicals （DPPH·），hydroxyl free radicals （·OH） and superoxycyclic anion free radicals （O2－·）were investigated ，and IC50 was calculated. RESULTS ：CCL-M2，CCL-M3 and CCL-M6 were homogeneous polysaccharides in the form of pyranose ，with molecular weights of 9.614×106，2.024×107 and 3.343× 107 Da，respectively. CCL-M 2 monosaccharides were composed of rhamnose ，semi-lactose aldehyde acid ，glucose， semi-lactose and arabic sugar ，with a molar ratio of 5.1∶2.6∶1.7∶1.4∶31.6. CCL-M 3 and CCL-M 6 monosaccharides were composed of mannose， rhamnose，glucose，semi-lactose，arabic sugar ，with a molar ratio of 1.7 ∶ 3.8 ∶ 6.4 ∶ 3.3 ∶ 1.3 and 1.3 ∶ 3.0 ∶ 3.2 ∶ 4.4 ∶ 8.9. The results of antioxidant activity in vitro showed that 3 kinds of homogeneous polysaccharides had certain scavenging activity on DPPH ·，·OH and O 2－·；the order of scavenging activity to DPPH ·was VC ＞CCL-M2＞CCL-M3＞CCL-M6（IC50 was 0.309， 1.240， 1.489 and 1.713 mg/mL）； the order of scavenging activity to ·OH was VC ＞CCL-M2＞CCL-M6＞CCL-M3（IC50 was 0.968，1.032，1.233，1.356 mg/mL）；the order of scavenging activity to O 2 －· was VC ＞CCL-M2＞CCL-M3＞CCL-M6 （IC50 was 0.335， 0.379， 0.812， 1.662 mg/mL）. CONCLUSIONS：3 kinds of monosaccharides in the form of pyranose are isolated from C. satiuus ，and all of them have antioxidant activity in vitro ，and CCL-M 2 is the best.

Overview of systematic reviews on Shenmai Injection in prevention and treatment of diseases / 中国中药杂志

To summarize and evaluate the efficacy and safety of Shenmai Injection in the treatment of viral myocarditis, shock, pulmonary heart disease, coronary heart disease, neutropenia and tumor chemotherapy, so as to provide supportive evidences for clinical rational use of Shenmai Injection. By searching literatures about studies on the systematic reviews on Shenmai Injection in treatment of viral myocarditis, shock, pulmonary heart disease, coronary heart disease, neutropenia and tumor chemotherapy from the main Chinese and English databases. Primary efficacy and safety outcome measures were selected for comparative analysis and summary, and the appraisal tool of AMSTAR 2 was used to evaluate the included studies.A total of 36 systematic reviews(published from 2005 to 2020) were included, involving viral myocarditis, shock, pulmonary heart disease, malignant tumor and coronary heart disease. The number of cases included in each type of the above diseases was 3 840, 2 484, 12 702, 28 036 and 27 082, respectively. The comparison results showed that, Shenmai Injection combined with conventional/western medicine treatment groups had better efficacy than conventional/western medicine groups alone in the prevention and treatment of the above five diseases. The main adverse reactions of Shenmai Injection reported in the included studies were facial flushing, rash, palpitation, etc., but the incidence was low and the general symptoms were mild, so no special treatment was needed. Therefore, the application of Shenmai Injection on the basis of conventional treatment or western medicine treatment had better prevention and treatment efficacy of the diseases. It was suggested that more multi-center and larger sample-size randomized controlled trials should be carried out in the future, and the relevant reporting standards should be strictly followed in systematic reviews, so as to improve the scientificity and transparency of the study.

Identification of Panax notoginseng and Its Processed Products Based on HPLC and IR Spectrum / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To identify Panax notoginseng and its processed products . METHODS ：The fingerprint was established by HPLC. Using ginsenoside Rb 1 as reference ，HPLC fingerprints of 15 batches of P. notoginseng and its processed products were drawn and the similarity evaluation was conducted by using the Similarity Evaluation System for TCM Chromatographic Fingerprints（2012 edition）. The common peaks were confirmed by comparing with substance control. SPSS 21.0 and SIMCA 14.1 software were used to perform cluster analysis ，principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis；taking the variable importance projection （VIP）value greater than 1 as the standard ，the differential marker components causing the quality difference between P. notoginseng and its processed products were screened. IR fingerprints of P. notoginseng and its processed products were established by OMNIC 8.2.0 software，and the spectral similarity was evaluated ；double index sequence analysis was used to analyze absorption peaks of IR fingerprints of 15 batches of P. notoginseng and its processed products. RESULTS ：There were 16 common peaks in the fingerprints of 15 batches of P. notoginseng ， and the similarities were 0.911-1.000；there were 25 common peaks in the fingerprints of processed products ，and the similaritieswere 0.862-1.000. They had 12 identical common peaks ，and wang668@sina.com three of them were ident ified as sanchinoside R 1，ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb 1. Results of cluster analysi s showed that when the distance was 10，15 batches of P. notoginseng could be clustered into two categories ，SW1-SW5 into one category ，SH1-SH5 and SQ 1-SQ5 into one category ，ZW1-ZW5，ZH1-ZH5 and ZQ1-ZQ5 of 15 batches of processed products could be clustered into one category. When the distance was 5，15 batches of P. notoginseng could be clustered into three categories ，SW1-SW5 into one category ，SH2-SH5 and SQ 2 into one category ，SQ1， SQ3-SQ5 and SH 1 into one category. Fifteen batches of processed products could be clustered into two categories ，ZW1-ZW5 into one category ，ZH1-ZH5 and ZQ 1-ZQ5 into one category. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first two principal components was 80.104％ . The results of orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed that the VIP values of the five peaks were greater than 1，which were peak H ，peak G ，peak J，peak F （ginsenoside Rg 1）and peak I. The similarity of IR fingerprints of 15 batches of P. notoginseng and its processed products were 0.889 7-1.000 0 and 0.972 8-1.000 0；the common peak rates were 80％-100％，and the variation peak rates were 0-17.65％ and 0-18.75％，respectively. By comparing the wave numbers of absorption peaks ，it was found that there were differences between P. notoginseng at 3 440 and 1 450 cm－1 and processed products at 1 530 and 575 cm－1. CONCLUSIONS ：Established HPLC fingerprint and IR fingerprint have good similarity ，and could effectively distinguish P. notoginseng and its processed products. P. notoginseng and its processed products from different habitats have high common peak rate and low variation rate ，and their chemical components are different ；peak H ，peak G ，peak J ，ginsenoside Rg 1 and peak I are differential marker components causing the quality difference between P. notoginseng and processed products.

Sedative efficacy of S-ketamine combined with propofol for MRI examination in pediatric patients / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the sedative efficacy of S-ketamine combined with propofol for MRI examination in pediatric patients.Methods:One hundred children of both sexes, aged 1-6 yr, weighing 10-30 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, who underwent MRI from February to June 2021, were selected and divided into 2 groups ( n=50 each) by a random number table method: propofol group (P group) and S-ketamine plus propofol group (K+ P group). Anesthesia induction: propofol 2.5 mg/kg was intravenously injected in group P, and S-ketamine 0.5 mg/kg and propofol 1.5 mg/kg were intravenously injected in group K+ P.Anesthesia maintenance: propofol 100 μg·kg -1·min -1 was intravenously infused, and the infusion rate of propofol was adjusted to maintain Ramsay sedation score ≥5.Propofol 0.5-1.0 mg/kg was intravenously injected and/or increasing the infusion rate of propofol when moderate and severe movement occurred.The quality of MRI images was evaluated during the examination, and the occurrence and degree of movement, airway-related adverse events (hypoxemia, apnea, upper airway obstruction, hypersalivation), hypotension and bradycardia were recorded.The average infusion rate, consumption of additional propofol for intravenous administration and total consumption of propofol were recorded.The emergence time and time of anesthesia recovery room stay were recorded.The occurrence of adverse events (vomiting, diplopia and agitation) and the parents′ satisfaction with sedative efficacy and recovery were recorded during observation in the recovery room. Results:Compared with group P, the average infusion rate of propofol, total consumption of propofol, airway-related adverse events and incidence of hypotension and bradycardia were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the incidence and degree of body movement, quality of MRI images, emergence time and time of anesthesia recovery room stay and incidence of adverse events during recovery from anesthesia in group K+ P ( P>0.05). Conclusion:S-ketamine combined with propofol can be safely and effectively used in MRI examination in pediatric patients.

Comparison of efficacy of mivacurium versus cisatracurium in patients undergoing painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To compare the efficacy of mivacurium versus cisatracurium in patients undergoing painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy.Methods:A total of 100 patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I or Ⅱ, scheduled for elective fiberoptic bronchoscopy were divided into 2 groups ( n=50 each) using a random number table method: mivacurium group (M group) and cisatracurium group (C group). Mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg was injected intravenously in group M, and cisatracurium 0.1 mg/kg was injected intravenously in group C. The onset time of neuromuscular block (ThD95), the duration of neuromuscular block (TOFR25), recovery index (RI), recovery time of autonomous respiration, extubation time and time of discharge from postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were recorded.The occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative adverse reactions and complications were recorded.The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and SpO 2 at restlessness at 10 min after entering the operating room (T 1), at loss of consciousness (T 2), when laryngeal mask airway was inserted (T 3), at the end of surgery (T 4), when laryngel mask airway was removed (T 5), and when the patients left the operating room (T 6). Results:Compared with group C, TOFR25, RI, recovery time of autonomous respiration, extubation time and time of discharge from PACU were significantly shortened, the total incidence of adverse reactions was decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in ThD95 in group M ( P>0.05). There was no significant difference in MAP, HR and SpO 2 at each time point between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Mivacurium provides better efficacy than cisatracurium when used for painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

Efficacy of remimazolam-alfentanil-mivacurium for fiberoptic bronchoscopy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of remimazolam-alfentanil-mivacurium for fiberoptic bronchoscopy.Methods:A total of 100 patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index of 18.5-28.0 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ, scheduled for elective fiberoptic bronchoscopy, were divided into 2 groups ( n=50 each) using a random number table method: remimazolam-alfentanil-mivacurium group (group R) and propofol-alfentanil-mivacurium group (group P). Oxygen was inhaled by mask, and alfentanil 10 μg/kg was slowly injected intravenously in advance.One minute later, remimazolam 0.2 mg/kg was injected intravenously in group R, propofol 1.5-2.0 mg/kg was injected in group P until loss of consciousness, and mivacurium 0.14 mg/kg was then injected intravenously in 2 groups.When the bispectral index value was 40-60, mechanical ventilation was performed after laryngeal mask was placed by the same anesthesiologist.During the maintenance of anesthesia, remimazolam 1 mg·kg -1·h -1 was infused intravenously in group R, propofol 4-6 mg ·kg -1·h -1 was infused intravenously in group P, and mivacurium was intermittently injected in both groups to maintain muscle relaxation.Before induction (T 0), when the laryngeal mask was placed (T 1), immediately when fiber bronchoscope reached juga (T 2), at 10 min after the surgery (T 3), at the end of the surgery (T 4) and when patients regained consciousness (T 5), blood pressure (BP), (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO 2), breathing at the end of the CO 2 partial pressure (P ETCO 2), BIS values and Modified Observer's Assessment/Alertness and Sedation (MOAA/S) score were recorded.The time from beginning of anesthesia to beginning of examination, total examination time, the time from the end of administration to laryngal mask airway removal, the time to recovery of spontaneous breathing and the time from emergence to discharge from postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were recorded.The occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative adverse reactions was recorded. Results:There was no significant difference in SpO 2, P ETCO 2, BIS values and MOAA/S score at each time pint and the time from beginning of anesthesia to beginning of examination, the time to recovery of spontaneous breathing and the time from emergence time to discharge from PACU between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Compared with group P, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly increased at T 1, T 3 and T 4, the time from the end of administration to laryngal mask airway removal was prolonged, the incidence of intraoperative hypotension, postoperative cough and total adverse reactions were decreased in group R ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Remimazolam-alfentanil-mivacurium produces better efficacy than propofol-alfentanil-mivacurium for fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

In situ preconcentration of lead by dielectric barrier discharge and its application to high sensitivity surface water analysis.

A novel dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was utilized to in situ enrich and atomize lead in gas phase. The structure of DBD reactor was optimized to broaden the acidity window of plumbane generation from 1% to 3.5%, bringing better analytical stability and practicability deriving from hydride generation process. For the first time DBD proved effective in lead preconcentration and broadening the acidity window of plumbane generation. Pb can be trapped quantitatively (~100%) on the quartz surface of DBD tube under O2-containing atmosphere and released (~100%) under H2-containing atmosphere. The absolute detection limit (LOD) for Pb was 4.1 pg (injection volume = 1.2 mL), and the linear (R2 > 0.999) range was 0.05-100 µg/L. The results were in good agreement with those of certified reference materials (CRMs), and spiked recoveries for surface water samples were 99-104% with 2-8% RSD. By gas phase analyte enrichment, the proposed method reduced absolute LOD by 10 times. It was deduced that plumbane was changed to lead oxide species trapped on the quartz tube surface and then released, and transported in form of atoms to the detection zone.