Sequential Behavior of Broiler Chickens in Enriched Environments under Varying Thermal Conditions Using the Generalized Sequential Pattern Algorithm: A Proof of Concept.

Behavior analysis is a widely used non-invasive tool in the practical production routine, as the animal acts as a biosensor capable of reflecting its degree of adaptation and discomfort to some environmental challenge. Conventional statistics use occurrence data for behavioral evaluation and well-being estimation, disregarding the temporal sequence of events. The Generalized Sequential Pattern (GSP) algorithm is a data mining method that identifies recurrent sequences that exceed a user-specified support threshold, the potential of which has not yet been investigated for broiler chickens in enriched environments. Enrichment aims to increase environmental complexity with promising effects on animal welfare, stimulating priority behaviors and potentially reducing the deleterious effects of heat stress. The objective here was to validate the application of the GSP algorithm to identify temporal correlations between heat stress and the behavior of broiler chickens in enriched environments through a proof of concept. Video image collection was carried out automatically for 48 continuous hours, analyzing a continuous period of seven hours, from 12:00 PM to 6:00 PM, during two consecutive days of tests for chickens housed in enriched and non-enriched environments under comfort and stress temperatures. Chickens at the comfort temperature showed high motivation to perform the behaviors of preening (P), foraging (F), lying down (Ld), eating (E), and walking (W); the sequences <{Ld,P}>; <{Ld,F}>; <{P,F,P}>; <{Ld,P,F}>; and <{E,W,F}> were the only ones observed in both treatments. All other sequential patterns (comfort and stress) were distinct, suggesting that environmental enrichment alters the behavioral pattern of broiler chickens. Heat stress drastically reduced the sequential patterns found at the 20% threshold level in the tested environments. The behavior of lying laterally "Ll" is a strong indicator of heat stress in broilers and was only frequent in the non-enriched environment, which may suggest that environmental enrichment provides the animal with better opportunities to adapt to stress-inducing challenges, such as heat.

Energy Assessment from Broiler Chicks' Vocalization Might Help Improve Welfare and Production.

Vocalization seems to be a viable source of signal for assessing broiler welfare. However, it may require an understanding of the birds' signals, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The delivery of calls with a specific set of acoustic features must be understood to assess the broiler's well-being. The present study aimed to analyze broiler chick vocalization through the sounds emitted during social isolation and understand what would be the flock size where the chicks present the smallest energy loss in vocalizing. The experiments were carried out during the first 3 days of growth, and during the trial, chicks received feed and water ad libitum. A total of 30 1-day-old chicks Cobb® breed were acquired at a commercial hatching unit. The birds were tested from 1 to 3 days old. A semi-anechoic chamber was used to record the vocalization with a unidirectional microphone connected to a digital recorder. We placed a group of 15 randomly chosen chicks inside the chamber and recorded the peeping sound, and the assessment was conducted four times with randomly chosen birds. We recorded the vocalization for 2 min and removed the birds sequentially stepwise until only one bird was left inside the semi-anechoic chamber. Each audio signal recorded during the 40 s was chosen randomly for signal extraction and analysis. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was used to extract the acoustic features and the energy emitted during the vocalization. Using data mining, we compared three classification models to predict the rearing condition (classes distress and normal). The results show that birds' vocalization differed when isolated and in a group. Results also indicate that the energy spent in vocalizing varies depending on the size of the flock. When isolated, the chicks emit a high-intensity sound, "alarm call", which uses high energy. In contrast, they spent less energy when flocked in a group, indicating good well-being when the flock was 15 chicks. The weight of birds influenced the amount of signal energy. We also found that the most effective classifier model was the Random Forest, with an accuracy of 85.71%, kappa of 0.73, and cross-entropy of 0.2.

A Heuristic and Data Mining Model for Predicting Broiler House Environment Suitability.

The proper combination of environment and flock-based variables plays a critical role in broiler production. However, the housing environment control is mainly focused on temperature monitoring during the broiler growth process. The present study developed a novel predictive model to predict the broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) rearing conditions' suitability using a data-mining process centered on flock-based and environmental variables. Data were recorded inside four commercial controlled environment broiler houses. The data analysis was conducted in three steps. First, we performed an exploratory and descriptive analysis of the environmental data. In the second step, we labeled the target variable that led to a specific broiler-rearing scenario depending on the age of the birds, the environmental dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, the ammonia concentration, and the ventilation rate. The output (final rearing condition) was discretized into four categories ('Excellent', 'Good', 'Moderate', and 'Inappropriate'). In the third step, we used the dataset to develop tree models using the data-mining process. The random-tree model only presented accuracy for predicting the 'Excellent' and 'Moderate' rearing conditions. The decision-tree model had high accuracy and indicated that broiler age, relative humidity, and ammonia concentration play a critical role in proper rearing conditions. Using a large amount of data allows the data-mining approach to building up 'if-then' rules that indicate suitable environmental control decision-making by broiler farmers.

Smart Feeding Unit for Measuring the Pecking Force in Farmed Broilers.

Feeding is one of the most critical processes in the broiler production cycle. A feeder can collect data of force signals and continuously transform it into information about birds' feed intake and quickly permit more agile and more precise decision-making concerning the broiler farm's production process. A smart feeding unit (SFU) prototype was developed to evaluate the broiler pecking force and average feed intake per pecking (g/min). The prototype consisted of a power supply unit with a data acquisition module, management software connected to a computer for data storage, and a video camera to verify the pecking force during signal processing. In the present study, seven male Cobb-500 broilers were raised in an experimental chamber to test and commission the prototype. The prototype consisted of a feeding unit (feeder) with a data acquisition module (amplifier), with real-time integration for testing and intuitive operation with Catman Easy software connected to a computer to obtain and store data from signals. The sampling of average feed intake per pecking per broiler (g) was conducted during the first minute of feeding, subtracting the amount of feed provided per the amount of feed consumed, including the count of pecking in the first minute of feeding. An equation was used for estimating the average feed intake per pecking per broiler (g). The results showed that the average broiler pecking force was 1.39 N, with a minimum value of 0.04 N and a maximum value of 7.29 N. The average feed intake per pecking (FIP) was 0.13 g, with an average of 173 peckings per minute. The acquisition, processing, and classification of signals in the pecking force information were valuable during broilers' feeding. The smart feeding unit prototype for broilers was efficient in the continuous assessment of feed intake and can generate information for estimating broiler performance.

Dietary yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) influences lipid profile of broiler meat / Erva mate na dieta influencia o perfil lipídico da carne de frangos de corte

Yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) has in its composition organic compounds wich can modify chemical composition of broiler meat. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of yerba mate in chemical composition and lipid profile of broiler breast and thigh meat. The trial was conducted using 500 broiler chicks distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0.1; 0.2; 0.4, and 0.6%) and five replicates with 25 chicks each. The chicken were raised form 1 to 42 days old and slaughtered for analysis of breast and thigh meat. The addition of mate did not affect the chemical composition and the lipid profile of the chicken breast, however, the composition of the meat of thigh meat was affected. It was observed effect of the addition of the yerba mate to saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the chicken meat. Stands out the reduction in saturated fatty acid concentrations and the increase in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially Linolenic and Eicosapentaenoic, thus demonstrating the potential of mate grass in altering the lipid profile of poultry meat.(AU)

A erva mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) possui em compostos orgânicos com propriedades de modificar a composição química de carne de frangos de corte, desta maneira este estudo avaliou a influência da erva mate sobre a composição química e o perfil lipídico de carne de peito, coxas e sobrecoxas de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 500 pintainhos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com inclusões de erva mate nas dietas (0.1; 0.2; 0.4, e 0.6%) com quatro repetições de 25 aves em cada tratamento, criados de 1 a 42 dias de idade para posterior abate e análises da composição de cortes cárneos. A adição de erva mate não afetou a composição química e o perfil lipídico dos peitos de frangos, porém a composição da carne de sobrecoxas foi afetada. Foi observado efeito da adição da erva mate em ácidos graxos saturados, insaturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados na carne de sobrecoxas de frango, destacando-se a redução nas concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados e o aumento das concentrações dos ácidos poli-insaturados, em especial Linolênicoe Eicosapentaenoico, demonstrando assim o potencial da erva mate em alterar o perfil lipídico da carne de aves.(AU)

Dietary yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) influences lipid profile of broiler meat / Erva mate na dieta influencia o perfil lipídico da carne de frangos de corte

Yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) has in its composition organic compounds wich can modify chemical composition of broiler meat. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of yerba mate in chemical composition and lipid profile of broiler breast and thigh meat. The trial was conducted using 500 broiler chicks distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0.1; 0.2; 0.4, and 0.6%) and five replicates with 25 chicks each. The chicken were raised form 1 to 42 days old and slaughtered for analysis of breast and thigh meat. The addition of mate did not affect the chemical composition and the lipid profile of the chicken breast, however, the composition of the meat of thigh meat was affected. It was observed effect of the addition of the yerba mate to saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the chicken meat. Stands out the reduction in saturated fatty acid concentrations and the increase in the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially Linolenic and Eicosapentaenoic, thus demonstrating the potential of mate grass in altering the lipid profile of poultry meat.

A erva mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) possui em compostos orgânicos com propriedades de modificar a composição química de carne de frangos de corte, desta maneira este estudo avaliou a influência da erva mate sobre a composição química e o perfil lipídico de carne de peito, coxas e sobrecoxas de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 500 pintainhos de corte distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com inclusões de erva mate nas dietas (0.1; 0.2; 0.4, e 0.6%) com quatro repetições de 25 aves em cada tratamento, criados de 1 a 42 dias de idade para posterior abate e análises da composição de cortes cárneos. A adição de erva mate não afetou a composição química e o perfil lipídico dos peitos de frangos, porém a composição da carne de sobrecoxas foi afetada. Foi observado efeito da adição da erva mate em ácidos graxos saturados, insaturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados na carne de sobrecoxas de frango, destacando-se a redução nas concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados e o aumento das concentrações dos ácidos poli-insaturados, em especial Linolênicoe Eicosapentaenoico, demonstrando assim o potencial da erva mate em alterar o perfil lipídico da carne de aves.

Broiler carcass condemnation pattern during processing

This study aimed to identify the influence of climate pattern and rearing conditions on broiler carcass condemnations observed during processing. We evaluated the registered data of 2015 from the federal inspection files in all broiler slaughterhouses located in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwestern Brazil. The percentages of condemnations by airsacculitis, cellulitis, dermatosis, ascites syndrome, total carcass condemnations, and average broiler weight at 42 days were analyzed. Data were associated with housing systems and season of the year in which each flock was reared. Two-way ANOVA was applied to the data in a completely randomized design 4×3 (four seasons and three houses) and compared by Tukey's test. The results indicated that the housing system did not affect the studied condemnations, and seasons of the year did not change condemnation by airsacculitis; however, the other pathologies leading to carcass condemnations were affected by season. Condemnations by cellulite were higher during summer than in winter. For dermatosis, the maximum index appears during summer and the lowest during winter and spring. The ascites syndrome presented the smallest index in summer and winter, and the minimum value was found in spring. The average bird weight was higher in autumn than in winter and spring. Type of broiler rearing did not affect the carcass condemnation index. Summer was the most detrimental period regarding the condemnation rates for the pathologies studied, mainly cellulitis and dermatosis, while the highest average weight of birds was found during autumn and spring.(AU)

Practical assessment of spaghetti breast in diverse genetic strain broilers reared under different environments

Brazilian processing plants have identified the so-calledspaghetti breast myopathy characterized by muscular dystrophy of unknown etiology. This study aimed at estimating the incidence of spaghetti breast myopathyin broilers from three commercial genetic strains (Ross, Cobb, Hubbard) reared in two different housing systems (DH, Dark house, and TS, Tunnel system), presenting different controlled ventilation systems and light availability. Breast meat samples (n=5,580) were collected and macroscopically evaluated for spaghetti breast myopathy according to a 0-2 scale, as 0 = normal, 1 = intermediate or moderate, and 2 = severe. A higher number of broilers reared in DH presented normal breasts and moderate myopathy relative to TS-reared birds. Ross broilers presented a higher incidence of normal breasts compared with Cobb and Hubbard broilers. The risk of presenting spaghetti breast myopathy was higher in broilers reared in DH than those in reared in TS, indicating that the exposure to DH environmental conditions may increase the chance of myopathy incidence. Broilers reared in dark houses presented 26% higher chance and 13% higher risk of showing spaghetti-breast myopathy the than those reared in tunnel-ventilated systems.(AU)

Practical assessment of spaghetti breast in diverse genetic strain broilers reared under different environments

Brazilian processing plants have identified the so-calledspaghetti breast myopathy characterized by muscular dystrophy of unknown etiology. This study aimed at estimating the incidence of spaghetti breast myopathyin broilers from three commercial genetic strains (Ross, Cobb, Hubbard) reared in two different housing systems (DH, Dark house, and TS, Tunnel system), presenting different controlled ventilation systems and light availability. Breast meat samples (n=5,580) were collected and macroscopically evaluated for spaghetti breast myopathy according to a 0-2 scale, as 0 = normal, 1 = intermediate or moderate, and 2 = severe. A higher number of broilers reared in DH presented normal breasts and moderate myopathy relative to TS-reared birds. Ross broilers presented a higher incidence of normal breasts compared with Cobb and Hubbard broilers. The risk of presenting spaghetti breast myopathy was higher in broilers reared in DH than those in reared in TS, indicating that the exposure to DH environmental conditions may increase the chance of myopathy incidence. Broilers reared in dark houses presented 26% higher chance and 13% higher risk of showing spaghetti-breast myopathy the than those reared in tunnel-ventilated systems.

Correlation between urinary tract infection and reproductive performance of sows

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and influence of urinary tract infection on the reproductive performance of sows. The animals underwent urine tests using reagent strips and diagnosed as positive or negative. They were then divided into two groups of 30 positive and 30 negative sows for urinary tract infection. Each sow was considered an experimental unit and was followed from labor to weaning. The animals were assessed for their reproductive performance (labor duration, number of live births, mummified piglets, and stillbirths, and postpartum diseases). After weaning, the weaning-estrus interval and rate of return to estrus were assessed. A thermographic camera was used to identify hyperthermia of the mammary system and its relation with the onset of urinary tract infections. The prevalence of urinary tract infection in prepartum sows was 41.1%. Urinary tract infection does not impact labor duration, number of live births, mummified piglets, and stillbirths, number of sows culled, weaning-estrus interval, or return to estrus after insemination. However, it was considered a predisposing factor for the occurrence of postpartum vaginal discharge. There is no correlation between the occurrence of urinary tract infection and mammary system temperature in sows.(AU)

Behavior of Pigs Reared in Enriched Environment: Alternatives to Extend Pigs Attention.

Three trials were carried out in a completely randomized design aiming to assess the behavior of pigs in growth phase in enriched environments. Trial 1 evaluated the effects of frequency of availability of environmental enrichment. The animals were assigned to four treatments: 1) control with no enrichment object; 2) objects provided for six consecutive days uninterruptedly; 3) objects provided on alternate days, and 4) objects provided for six consecutive days taken away by the end of the afternoon and replaced at dawn. Trial 2 assessed the effects of scent on animals' acceptance and maintenance of interest in objects. Animals were assigned to four treatments: 1) unscented object; 2) object with banana scent; 3) object with rum scent; 4) object with scents alternated every other day. Trial 3 aimed to assess the influence of environmental enrichment based on providing rewards at different difficulty levels. Animals were assigned to three treatments: 1) object with no reward; 2) object with a reward at an easy level; 3) object with a reward at a difficult level. Each trial had six days of behavioral observations every ten minutes for eight hours each day using images from video cameras. Enrichment objects stimulated the animals' natural behavior of nuzzling and exploring the environment. The way the objects were available did not impact the success of their use. Offering enrichment on alternate days or removing the objects by the end of the day was not an effective strategy to extend the animals' interest. The olfactory stimulus in environmental enrichment objects had no positive effect on extending the animals' interest on them, nor did alternating the aromas. The tactile stimulus was a key factor for object attractiveness. Providing environmental enrichment objects with rewards stimulated the exploratory behavior of pigs. The level of difficulty to obtain the reward may discourage the animals.

Thermal stimulation of Ross®-lineage embryos on a commercial scale / Estimulação térmica dos embriões da linhagem Ross® em escala comercial

ABSTRACT: Artificial incubation is an essential process to obtain healthy birds with good performance; nevertheless, it requires sustained improvement. During this process, incubation temperature is considered a critical factor, which has been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of Ross(r) embryos after hot and cold thermal stimulation. To this end, temperatures 1.39ºC above the standard temperature and a temperature fixed at 36.00ºC that varied 1.00 to 0.30ºC below the standard temperature were applied during the final embryonic development period (days 14 to 18) for three hours, on a commercial scale. Results revealed that hot and cold thermal stimulations did not cause embryo mortality; the hatching and chick quality index were maintained and even increased. Therefore, we believe that thermal stimulation has the potential to improve hatchery index, and thus grange performance; however, adjustments are needed, varying according to each individual hatchery, before it can used as a protocol.

RESUMO: A incubação artificial é um processo fundamental para obtenção de aves saudáveis e com bom rendimento, contudo, necessita de constantes melhorias. Nesse processo, a temperatura de incubação é considerada um fator crítico e vem sendo estudada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de embriões da linhagem Ross(r) frente a estimulações térmicas por calor e por frio. Para tanto, temperaturas de 1,39ºC acima da temperatura padrão e de 36,00ºC fixos, abaixo da temperatura padrão (variando de 1,00 a 0,30ºC), foram aplicadas no último período de desenvolvimento embrionário (14º ao 18º dia) por três horas de duração, em escala comercial. Com esse experimento, percebeu-se que as estimulações térmicas por calor e por frio não causaram mortalidade embrionária, mantiveram e até aumentaram os índices de eclosão, bem como a qualidade do pintinho. Dessa forma, acredita-se que as estimulações térmicas têm potencial de melhorar os índices do incubatório, e consequentemente o desempenho na granja, contudo necessita de ajustes, que dependem de cada incubatório para ser utilizada como protocolo.

Thermal stimulation of Ross®-lineage embryos on a commercial scale / Estimulação térmica dos embriões da linhagem Ross® em escala comercial

Artificial incubation is an essential process to obtain healthy birds with good performance; nevertheless, it requires sustained improvement. During this process, incubation temperature is considered a critical factor, which has been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of Ross(r) embryos after hot and cold thermal stimulation. To this end, temperatures 1.39ºC above the standard temperature and a temperature fixed at 36.00ºC that varied 1.00 to 0.30ºC below the standard temperature were applied during the final embryonic development period (days 14 to 18) for three hours, on a commercial scale. Results revealed that hot and cold thermal stimulations did not cause embryo mortality; the hatching and chick quality index were maintained and even increased. Therefore, we believe that thermal stimulation has the potential to improve hatchery index, and thus grange performance; however, adjustments are needed, varying according to each individual hatchery, before it can used as a protocol.(AU)

A incubação artificial é um processo fundamental para obtenção de aves saudáveis e com bom rendimento, contudo, necessita de constantes melhorias. Nesse processo, a temperatura de incubação é considerada um fator crítico e vem sendo estudada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de embriões da linhagem Ross(r) frente a estimulações térmicas por calor e por frio. Para tanto, temperaturas de 1,39ºC acima da temperatura padrão e de 36,00ºC fixos, abaixo da temperatura padrão (variando de 1,00 a 0,30ºC), foram aplicadas no último período de desenvolvimento embrionário (14º ao 18º dia) por três horas de duração, em escala comercial. Com esse experimento, percebeu-se que as estimulações térmicas por calor e por frio não causaram mortalidade embrionária, mantiveram e até aumentaram os índices de eclosão, bem como a qualidade do pintinho. Dessa forma, acredita-se que as estimulações térmicas têm potencial de melhorar os índices do incubatório, e consequentemente o desempenho na granja, contudo necessita de ajustes, que dependem de cada incubatório para ser utilizada como protocolo.(AU)

Microbiological growth in normal and PSE pork stored under refrigeration / Desenvolvimento microbiológico em carne suína PSE e normal armazenada sob refrigeração

The study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological development in PSE pork compared with normal meat and the effect of season of the year on the rate of proliferation of the same. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples from carcasses classified as PSE slaughter (pH45 5.8) and normal (pH45 5.8) were collected after 24 hours of refrigeration, at the time of deboning, in a commercial slaughterhouse, with service federal inspection, located in the Grande Dourados region (MS). The samples (12 normal and 12 PSE) were collected at two different times of the year (fall and winter) for analysis of total and 45C coliforms, mesophylls, psychotropic, pseudomonas, yeasts and molds at 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of storage under refrigeration. Microbial growth behaved similarly between the two types of meat throughout the storage period, except for the count of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, whose development was superior in PSE meat until the 5th day storage, matching between both types of meat later. Was no effect of season on the count of total coliforms and 45oC, and their proliferation rate higher in meat from the slaughtered animals the warmer season (autumn).

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento microbiológico em carne suína PSE em comparação à carne normal e o efeito da época do ano sobre a velocidade de proliferação dos mesmos. Amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi de carcaças classificadas ao abate como PSE (pH45 5,8) e normais (pH455,8), foram coletadas após 24 horas de refrigeração, no momento da desossa, em um abatedouro comercial, com serviço de inspeção federal, situado na região da Grande Dourados (MS). As amostras (12 normais e 12 PSE) foram coletadas em duas épocas distintas do ano (outono e inverno) para as análises de coliformes totais, coliformes a 45ºC, mesófilos, psicotróficos, pseudômonas, bolores e leveduras aos 0, 5, 10 e 15 dias de armazenamento por refrigeração. O crescimento microbiano comportou-se de maneira semelhante entre os dois tipos de carne ao longo do período de armazenamento, exceto para a contagem de microorganismos aeróbios mesófilos totais, cujo desenvolvimento foi superior em carnes PSE até o 5º dia de armazenamento, igualando-se entre os dois tipos de carne posteriormente. Houve efeito da época do ano sobre a contagem de coliformes totais e a 45oC, sendo sua velocidade de proliferação superior em carnes provenientes dos animais abatidos na época mais quente (outono).

Identificação de artrite em suíno utilizando imagem termográfica / Identification of arthritis in swine through thermographic image

Nos sistemas intensivos de produção de suíno uma das afecções mais prevalentes são as artrites, que causam dor aos animais podendo afetar seu desempenho e bem-estar. Deste modo, o diagnóstico precoce torna-se importante para que se dispense aos animais tratamento adequado em tempo hábil. Objetivou-se com este estudo de caso, avaliar a eficiência do uso das imagens termográficas para identificação de artrite, ou de lesões em suínos. Foram utilizados cinco animais com suspeita de artrite nos membros posteriores. A temperatura superficial (TS) dos membros posteriores foi registrada por meio de imagens termográficas utilizando o termovisor da Testo®. Foram calculadas as médias de 10 pontos da TS de cada membro posterior dos suínos, sendo posteriormente comparadas utilizando o teste t-Student, com confiabilidade de 95%. Os valores médios de TS foram menores (P≤0,05) no membro sadio (33,6°C), do que naquele com artrite (35,6°C) evidenciando que, por meio de imagens termográficas, é possível a identificação de processos inflamatórios em suínos.

causing pain to animals and it may affect their performance and welfare. Thus, the early diagnosis becomes important to allow appropriate treatment to animals as soon as possible. The aim of this case study was to evaluate the efficiency of use of thermographic images for identifying arthritis or inflammatory processes in pigs. Five pigs were selected as they were suspected to present arthritis in the rear limbs. The surface temperature (ST) was recorded by average of thermographic images using the thermal visor from Testo®. There were calculated the averages of 10 points on the ST of each rear limb of the pigs and compared afterwards using t-Student test with reliability of 95% in order to verify if there were difference between the ST in sound rear limb and the limb presenting edema. The mean ST values were lower (P≤0.05) in the sound limb (33.6°C) than those relating to the limb with edema (35.6°C), slowing the use of thermographic images can turn possible the identification of inflammatory processes in subclinical stage in swine.

Composição da carcaça de cordeiros terminados com dietas contendo grão de soja in natura ou desativado e dois níveis de concentrado / Carcass composition of lambs finished with diets containing in natura or disabled soybean grain and two concentrate levels

The determination of loin eye area (LEA) is one of the most common methods to assess carcass quality and it is possible to adjust calculations to predict meat amount in the carcass which is one of the important features in the classification process. The aim of this study was to compare different methodologies used to determine LEA in swine. Fifteen crossbred pigs, Landrace x Large White, males and females, were slaughtered at 140 days of age. After 24 hours of cooling at 4°C, the Longissimus dorsi muscle was removed from the left half part of carcasses for evaluation of LEA between the 12th and 13th rib. The methods were: point counting on plastic grid of 1 cm2 and 0.25 cm2 (PCGP 1 cm2 and PCGC 0.25 cm2 ), circumference method by Echo Image Viewer (ECHO), circumference method using AutoCad ® program (CAD) and method of weighing paper (WP). The design was completely randomized with 15 replications per treatment and the data were subjected to Pearson correlation and variance analysis. Averages were compared by Tukey test at a significance level of 5%. LEA values were: 35.84, 35.69, 33.86, 34.22 and 36.71 cm2 , for the PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 , ECHO, CAD and WP methods, respectively. The LEA values determined by methods PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 and WP were similar; however they were higher than those obtained by the ECHO and CAD methodologies (P<0.0001). PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 and WP methods may overestimate LEA values. The choice of method to be used should be based on its practicality and availability of resources, since the difference obtained between them is low.

A determinação da área de olho de lombo (LEA) é o método mais comum para análises de qualidade de carcaça, sendo possível ajustar cálculos para predizer o grau de musculosidade na mesma, sendo um recurso importante nos processos de classificação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar diferentes metodologias utilizadas na determinação da LEA em suínos. Quinze suínos mestiços Landrace x Large White, machos e fêmeas, foram abatidos aos 140 dias de idade. Após 24 horas de refrigeração a 4°C o músculo Longissimus dorsi foi retirado da meia carcaça esquerda para avaliação da LEA entre a 12ª e 13ª costela. Os métodos utilizados para avaliação foram: contagem de pontos em gabarito plástico de 1 cm² e de 0,25 cm2 (CPGP 1 cm2 e CPGC 0,25 cm2 ), método de circunferência por meio do programa Echo Image Viewer (ECHO), método de circunferência por meio do programa AutoCad® (CAD) e método de pesagem do papel (WP). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 15 repetições por tratamento e os dados foram submetidos a teste de correlação e análise de variância. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de significância. Os valores médios de LEA observados foram de 35,84, 35,69, 33,86, 34,22 e 36,71 cm2, para os métodos CPGP 1 cm2, CPGP 0,25 cm2 , ECHO, CAD e WP, respectivamente. Os valores de LEA determinados pelos métodos CPGP 1 cm2, CPGP 0,25 cm2 e WP foram semelhantes entre si, entretanto superiores aos obtidos pelas metodologias ECHO e CAD (P<0,0001). Os métodos CPGP 1 cm2 , CPGP 0,25 cm2 e WP podem superestimar os valores de LEA. A escolha do método a ser utilizado deve ser feita com base em sua praticidade e disponibilidade de recursos, uma vez que a diferença entre eles é de pequena ordem.

Comparison of methodologies for assessment of pork loin eye area / Comparação de metodologias para determinação da área de olho de lombo em suínos

The determination of loin eye area (LEA) is one of the most common methods to assess carcass quality and it is possible to adjust calculations to predict meat amount in the carcass which is one of the important features in the classification process. The aim of this study was to compare different methodologies used to determine LEA in swine. Fifteen crossbred pigs, Landrace x Large White, males and females, were slaughtered at 140 days of age. After 24 hours of cooling at 4°C, the Longissimus dorsi muscle was removed from the left half part of carcasses for evaluation of LEA between the 12th and 13th rib. The methods were: point counting on plastic grid of 1 cm2 and 0.25 cm2 (PCGP 1 cm2 and PCGC 0.25 cm2 ), circumference method by Echo Image Viewer (ECHO), circumference method using AutoCad ® program (CAD) and method of weighing paper (WP). The design was completely randomized with 15 replications per treatment and the data were subjected to Pearson correlation and variance analysis. Averages were compared by Tukey test at a significance level of 5%. LEA values were: 35.84, 35.69, 33.86, 34.22 and 36.71 cm2 , for the PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 , ECHO, CAD and WP methods, respectively. The LEA values determined by methods PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 and WP were similar; however they were higher than those obtained by the ECHO and CAD methodologies (P<0.0001). PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 and WP methods may overestimate LEA values. The choice of method to be used should be based on its practicality and availability of resources, since the difference obtained between them is low.

A determinação da área de olho de lombo (LEA) é o método mais comum para análises de qualidade de carcaça, sendo possível ajustar cálculos para predizer o grau de musculosidade na mesma, sendo um recurso importante nos processos de classificação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar diferentes metodologias utilizadas na determinação da LEA em suínos. Quinze suínos mestiços Landrace x Large White, machos e fêmeas, foram abatidos aos 140 dias de idade. Após 24 horas de refrigeração a 4°C o músculo Longissimus dorsi foi retirado da meia carcaça esquerda para avaliação da LEA entre a 12ª e 13ª costela. Os métodos utilizados para avaliação foram: contagem de pontos em gabarito plástico de 1 cm² e de 0,25 cm2 (CPGP 1 cm2 e CPGC 0,25 cm2 ), método de circunferência por meio do programa Echo Image Viewer (ECHO), método de circunferência por meio do programa AutoCad® (CAD) e método de pesagem do papel (WP). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 15 repetições por tratamento e os dados foram submetidos a teste de correlação e análise de variância. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de significância. Os valores médios de LEA observados foram de 35,84, 35,69, 33,86, 34,22 e 36,71 cm2 , para os métodos CPGP 1 cm2 , CPGP 0,25 cm2 , ECHO, CAD e WP, respectivamente. Os valores de LEA determinados pelos métodos CPGP 1 cm2 , CPGP 0,25 cm2 e WP foram semelhantes entre si, entretanto superiores aos obtidos pelas metodologias ECHO e CAD (P<0,0001). Os métodos CPGP 1 cm2 , CPGP 0,25 cm2 e WP podem superestimar os valores de LEA. A escolha do método a ser utilizado deve ser feita com base em sua praticidade e disponibilidade de recursos, uma vez que a diferença entre eles é de pequena ordem.

Microbiological growth in normal and PSE pork stored under refrigeration / Desenvolvimento microbiológico em carne suína PSE e normal armazenada sob refrigeração

The study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological development in PSE pork compared with normal meat and the effect of season of the year on the rate of proliferation of the same. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples from carcasses classified as PSE slaughter (pH45 5.8) and normal (pH45 5.8) were collected after 24 hours of refrigeration, at the time of deboning, in a commercial slaughterhouse, with service federal inspection, located in the Grande Dourados region (MS). The samples (12 normal and 12 PSE) were collected at two different times of the year (fall and winter) for analysis of total and 45C coliforms, mesophylls, psychotropic, pseudomonas, yeasts and molds at 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of storage under refrigeration. Microbial growth behaved similarly between the two types of meat throughout the storage period, except for the count of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, whose development was superior in PSE meat until the 5th day storage, matching between both types of meat later. Was no effect of season on the count of total coliforms and 45oC, and their proliferation rate higher in meat from the slaughtered animals the warmer season (autumn).(AU)

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento microbiológico em carne suína PSE em comparação à carne normal e o efeito da época do ano sobre a velocidade de proliferação dos mesmos. Amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi de carcaças classificadas ao abate como PSE (pH45 5,8) e normais (pH455,8), foram coletadas após 24 horas de refrigeração, no momento da desossa, em um abatedouro comercial, com serviço de inspeção federal, situado na região da Grande Dourados (MS). As amostras (12 normais e 12 PSE) foram coletadas em duas épocas distintas do ano (outono e inverno) para as análises de coliformes totais, coliformes a 45ºC, mesófilos, psicotróficos, pseudômonas, bolores e leveduras aos 0, 5, 10 e 15 dias de armazenamento por refrigeração. O crescimento microbiano comportou-se de maneira semelhante entre os dois tipos de carne ao longo do período de armazenamento, exceto para a contagem de microorganismos aeróbios mesófilos totais, cujo desenvolvimento foi superior em carnes PSE até o 5º dia de armazenamento, igualando-se entre os dois tipos de carne posteriormente. Houve efeito da época do ano sobre a contagem de coliformes totais e a 45oC, sendo sua velocidade de proliferação superior em carnes provenientes dos animais abatidos na época mais quente (outono).(AU)

Identificação de artrite em suíno utilizando imagem termográfica / Identification of arthritis in swine through thermographic image

Nos sistemas intensivos de produção de suíno uma das afecções mais prevalentes são as artrites, que causam dor aos animais podendo afetar seu desempenho e bem-estar. Deste modo, o diagnóstico precoce torna-se importante para que se dispense aos animais tratamento adequado em tempo hábil. Objetivou-se com este estudo de caso, avaliar a eficiência do uso das imagens termográficas para identificação de artrite, ou de lesões em suínos. Foram utilizados cinco animais com suspeita de artrite nos membros posteriores. A temperatura superficial (TS) dos membros posteriores foi registrada por meio de imagens termográficas utilizando o termovisor da Testo®. Foram calculadas as médias de 10 pontos da TS de cada membro posterior dos suínos, sendo posteriormente comparadas utilizando o teste t-Student, com confiabilidade de 95%. Os valores médios de TS foram menores (P≤0,05) no membro sadio (33,6°C), do que naquele com artrite (35,6°C) evidenciando que, por meio de imagens termográficas, é possível a identificação de processos inflamatórios em suínos.(AU)

causing pain to animals and it may affect their performance and welfare. Thus, the early diagnosis becomes important to allow appropriate treatment to animals as soon as possible. The aim of this case study was to evaluate the efficiency of use of thermographic images for identifying arthritis or inflammatory processes in pigs. Five pigs were selected as they were suspected to present arthritis in the rear limbs. The surface temperature (ST) was recorded by average of thermographic images using the thermal visor from Testo®. There were calculated the averages of 10 points on the ST of each rear limb of the pigs and compared afterwards using t-Student test with reliability of 95% in order to verify if there were difference between the ST in sound rear limb and the limb presenting edema. The mean ST values were lower (P≤0.05) in the sound limb (33.6°C) than those relating to the limb with edema (35.6°C), slowing the use of thermographic images can turn possible the identification of inflammatory processes in subclinical stage in swine.(AU)

Comparison of methodologies for assessment of pork loin eye area / Comparação de metodologias para determinação da área de olho de lombo em suínos

The determination of loin eye area (LEA) is one of the most common methods to assess carcass quality and it is possible to adjust calculations to predict meat amount in the carcass which is one of the important features in the classification process. The aim of this study was to compare different methodologies used to determine LEA in swine. Fifteen crossbred pigs, Landrace x Large White, males and females, were slaughtered at 140 days of age. After 24 hours of cooling at 4°C, the Longissimus dorsi muscle was removed from the left half part of carcasses for evaluation of LEA between the 12th and 13th rib. The methods were: point counting on plastic grid of 1 cm2 and 0.25 cm2 (PCGP 1 cm2 and PCGC 0.25 cm2 ), circumference method by Echo Image Viewer (ECHO), circumference method using AutoCad ® program (CAD) and method of weighing paper (WP). The design was completely randomized with 15 replications per treatment and the data were subjected to Pearson correlation and variance analysis. Averages were compared by Tukey test at a significance level of 5%. LEA values were: 35.84, 35.69, 33.86, 34.22 and 36.71 cm2 , for the PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 , ECHO, CAD and WP methods, respectively. The LEA values determined by methods PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 and WP were similar; however they were higher than those obtained by the ECHO and CAD methodologies (P<0.0001). PCGP 1 cm2 , PCGP 0.25 cm2 and WP methods may overestimate LEA values. The choice of method to be used should be based on its practicality and availability of resources, since the difference obtained between them is low.(AU)

A determinação da área de olho de lombo (LEA) é o método mais comum para análises de qualidade de carcaça, sendo possível ajustar cálculos para predizer o grau de musculosidade na mesma, sendo um recurso importante nos processos de classificação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar diferentes metodologias utilizadas na determinação da LEA em suínos. Quinze suínos mestiços Landrace x Large White, machos e fêmeas, foram abatidos aos 140 dias de idade. Após 24 horas de refrigeração a 4°C o músculo Longissimus dorsi foi retirado da meia carcaça esquerda para avaliação da LEA entre a 12ª e 13ª costela. Os métodos utilizados para avaliação foram: contagem de pontos em gabarito plástico de 1 cm² e de 0,25 cm2 (CPGP 1 cm2 e CPGC 0,25 cm2 ), método de circunferência por meio do programa Echo Image Viewer (ECHO), método de circunferência por meio do programa AutoCad® (CAD) e método de pesagem do papel (WP). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 15 repetições por tratamento e os dados foram submetidos a teste de correlação e análise de variância. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de significância. Os valores médios de LEA observados foram de 35,84, 35,69, 33,86, 34,22 e 36,71 cm2 , para os métodos CPGP 1 cm2 , CPGP 0,25 cm2 , ECHO, CAD e WP, respectivamente. Os valores de LEA determinados pelos métodos CPGP 1 cm2 , CPGP 0,25 cm2 e WP foram semelhantes entre si, entretanto superiores aos obtidos pelas metodologias ECHO e CAD (P<0,0001). Os métodos CPGP 1 cm2 , CPGP 0,25 cm2 e WP podem superestimar os valores de LEA. A escolha do método a ser utilizado deve ser feita com base em sua praticidade e disponibilidade de recursos, uma vez que a diferença entre eles é de pequena ordem.(AU)