Factores de riesgo de test de Apgar bajo en recién nacidos / Risk factors for low Apgar score in newborns

La asfixia neonatal es una causa importante de mortalidad y secuelas neurológicas. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es identificar los factores de riesgo maternos, perinatales y neonatales asociado a un Puntaje de Apgar (PA) bajo. Pacientes y Método: Se analizan los datos de 57 241 recién nacidos (RN), entre los años 1997 y 2004; los antecedentes fueron ingresados en forma prospectiva a una base de datos computacional. Se realizó un análisis multivariado con un modelo de regresión logística para identificar los factores de riesgo. Resultados: 1 167 presentaron un PA < - 3 al minuto (2,1 por ciento) y 291 presentaron además un puntaje < - 5 a los 5 minutos (0,5 por ciento). Los factores de riesgo de PA bajo estadísticamente significativos fueron: RN de muy bajo peso, malformaciones congénitas mayores, RN pequeño para la edad gestacional, RN pretérmino, embarazo de 42 semanas, expulsivo prolongado, fórceps, desprendimiento placentario y líquido amniótico con meconio. Conclusiones: En este trabajo se identifican los factores de riesgo de PA bajo en nuestra población, los cuales deben ser considerados para una adecuado manejo perinatal.

Malformación arteriovenosa de la vena de Galeno: reporte de un caso / Vein of galen arteriovenous malformation: a case report

Las malformaciones arteriovenosas de la vena de Galeno comprenden un raro grupo de anomalías congénitas que pueden causar una morbimortalidad importante, especialmente en neonatos, pero también en lactantes y niños mayores. Presentamos un caso de detección prenatal de aneurisma de la vena de Galeno a las 35 + 5 semanas de gestación en el Centro de Referencia Perinatal Oriente. Al examen ultrasonográfico se evidenció una imagen quística supratentorial de 47 por 16 mm, en la línea media del cerebro, asociado a polihidroamnios. El examen con Doppler color demostró el origen vascular de la lesión, con flujo turbulento venoso y arteria. Se realiza resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral fetal que confirma diagnóstico. A las 37 + 2 semanas de gestación se interrumpe el embarazo vía cesárea por inicio de trabajo de parto con monitorización electrónica fetal sospechosa de hipoxia. Evaluado con RM cerebral y angiorresonancia posnatal, en el Instituto de Neurocirugía se declara fuera del alcance terapéutico debido al gran compromiso encefálico. El recién nacido fallece a los siete días de vida. En la presente publicación se realiza una revisión de la literatura referente al tema, destacando la importancia de la consejería prenatal y el manejo multidisciplinario de esta compleja patología.

[Calcification of the pectineal ligament. An usual radiological imaging in pediatrics]. / Calcification du ligament pectiné. Une image radiologique d'observation courante en gériatrie.

OBJECTIVES: Since its first description several years ago in the elderly subject, calcification of the Cooper ligament is often considered as a rare anecdotal phenomenon. We present the radiographic presentation which is often not well known. METHODS: Two experienced radiologists examined independently a series of 100 consecutive X-rays of the pelvis performed in a population of elderly subjects (mean age 84.4 +/- 9.2), looking for calcification of the Cooper ligament. RESULTS: Calcification of the Cooper ligament was observed on 7 of the 100 images of the pelvis. There was no significant difference in age, sex, or reason for ordering the examination between subjects with calcification and those without calcifications. Arterial calcifications were observed at an equal frequency. The usual aspect of the Cooper ligament was a fine opaque line following along the upper border of the iliopectinate crest. Oblique views visualized the calcification better. The line of calcification was either continuous of fragmented and was bilateral in all 7 cases. CONCLUSION: These images are apparently of no pathological significance. Clinicians should however be aware of the radiographic presentation in order to avoid confusion with visceral calcification or periosteal deposits.

[Drug interactions: study of 409 prescriptions at the time of discharge from geriatric hospitalization]. / Interactions médicamenteuses: étude de 409 ordonnances établies à l'issue d'une hospitalisation gériatrique.

In order to specify the frequency and the potential consequences of drug interactions in the elderly, we retrospectively analysed 409 discharge prescriptions. The possibility of drug interactions was screened out for each prescription in the software version of the Vidal drug compendium. It appears that prescriptions are mainly adapted to the elderly with respect to posology and pharmacokinetics. Potentially dangerous drug interactions ('contraindicated' or 'unsuitable' associations) were found in 6 per cent of prescriptions; after careful assessment, this frequency decreased to less than 1 per cent. The most common orthoergic side effects were sedation (15 per cent) and hypotension (14.5 per cent). This study points out the multiplicity of criteria to be considered in order to prevent drug interactions, and the gaps in available software.

Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica en el síndrome hemolítico urémico, en niños chilenos: evaluación de diferentes técnicas de diagnóstico de infección / Enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli in hemolytic uremic syndrome, in chilean children: evaluation of different technics of infection diagnosis

Enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (EHEC), have been associated with pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. Our aim was to determine the association of EHEC ing¿fection and HUS in chilean children. During may 1991 and october 1993, 34 children HUS and 33 age matched controls (children with diarrhea that did not develop HUS) were enrolled in a case/control study. For each child a stool and serum sample were obtained at admission. Stools were processed for common enteropathogen and for EHEC identification. EHEC were identified in stools by gene probes for different virulence factors (EHEC plasmid-associated fimbria, Shiga-like toxin I, Shiga-like toxin II and eae adherence factor) and by detection of free fecal toxin by neutralization assay in Vero cells. Sera were processed for anti-cytotoxin antibodies also by an assay in Vero cells. Enteropathogens were isolated in 20.6 percent and 15.5 percent of HUS and control children respectively (p=NS). 91 percent of the HUS children and 73 percent of the control children were EHEC positive by one or more of the techniques used (p=0.05). Of the 3 detection methods used for EHEC, only free fecal cytotoxin was significantly more common in HUS children than controls (45.5 percent vs 9 percent p=0.007). Genotype patterns of HUS and controls strains were similar except for a trend towards a higher frequency of non-toxigenic strains in the control group. Serogroup 0157 was more common in HUS children than in controls (9 percent vs 0 percent p=0.036). In Chile as in other countries, EHEC infection is common and significantly associated with occurrence of HUS. Infection with EHEC strains 0157 seems to be important risk factor for HUS