Myroids odoratum bacteremia: A rare clinical isolate presented as a soft tissue infection.

Myroides odoratus infection, a rare gram-negative bacillus, predominantly affects immunocompromised patients and presents with diverse clinical manifestations. Antibiotic resistance poses challenges in determining appropriate treatment. This case underscores successful management of Myroides odoratus cellulitis complicated by bacteremia with dual antibiotic therapy, emphasizing the importance of timely recognition and susceptibility testing for effective treatment strategies.

The Extent and Structure of Peri-urban Smallholder Dairy Farming in Five Cities in India.

Livestock keeping is common in many cities in India, driven by the demand for animal-source foods, particularly perishable milk. We selected five cities from different regions of the country and conducted a census in 34 randomly selected peri-urban villages to identify and describe all smallholder dairy farms. In total 1,690 smallholder dairy farms were identified, keeping on average 2.2 milking cows and 0.7 milking buffaloes. In Bhubaneswar, the proportion of cows milking was only 50%, but in other cities it was 63-73%. In two of the five cities, more than 90% of the farmers stated that dairy production was their main source of income, while <50% in the other cities reported this. In one of the cities, only 36% of the households kept milk for themselves. Market channels varied considerably; in one city about 90% of farms sold milk to traders, in another, 90% sold to the dairy cooperative, and in another around 90% sold directly to consumers. In conclusion, peri-urban dairy systems in India are important but also varying between different cities, with only one city, Bengaluru, having a well-developed cooperative system, and the northeastern poorer region being more dependent on traders. Further studies may be needed to elucidate the importance and to design appropriate developmental interventions.

Brucellosis in India: results of a collaborative workshop to define One Health priorities.

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis worldwide. In livestock, it frequently causes chronic disease with reproductive failures that contribute to production losses, and in humans, it causes an often-chronic febrile illness that is frequently underdiagnosed in many low- and middle-income countries, including India. India has one of the largest ruminant populations in the world, and brucellosis is endemic in the country in both humans and animals. In November 2017, the International Livestock Research Institute invited experts from government, national research institutes, universities, and different international organizations to a one-day meeting to set priorities towards a "One Health" control strategy for brucellosis in India. Using a risk prioritization exercise followed by discussions, the meeting agreed on the following priorities: collaboration (transboundary and transdisciplinary); collection of more epidemiological evidence in humans, cattle, and in small ruminants (which have been neglected in past research); Economic impact studies, including cost effectiveness of control programmes; livestock vaccination, including national facilities for securing vaccines for the cattle population; management of infected animals (with the ban on bovine slaughter, alternatives such as sanctuaries must be explored); laboratory capacities and diagnostics (quality must be assured and better rapid tests developed); and increased awareness, making farmers, health workers, and the general public more aware of risks of brucellosis and zoonoses in general. Overall, the meeting participants agreed that brucellosis control will be challenging in India, but with collaboration to address the priority areas listed here, it could be possible.

Risk Factors for Brucella Seroprevalence in Peri-Urban Dairy Farms in Five Indian Cities.

Brucellosis is endemic among dairy animals in India, contributing to production losses and posing a health risk to people, especially farmers and others in close contact with dairy animals or their products. Growing urban populations demand increased milk supplies, resulting in intensifying dairy production at the peri-urban fringe. Peri-urban dairying is under-studied but has implications for disease transmission, both positive and negative. In this cross-sectional study, five Indian cities were selected to represent different geographies and urbanization extent. Around each, we randomly selected 34 peri-urban villages, and in each village three smallholder dairy farms (defined as having a maximum of 10 dairy animals) were randomly selected. The farmers were interviewed, and milk samples were taken from up to three animals. These were tested using a commercial ELISA for antibodies against Brucella abortus, and factors associated with herd seroprevalence were identified. In all, 164 out of 1163 cows (14.1%, 95% CI 12.2-16.2%) were seropositive for Brucella. In total, 91 out of 510 farms (17.8%, 95% CI 14.6-21.4%) had at least one positive animal, and out of these, just seven farmers stated that they had vaccinated against brucellosis. In four cities, the farm-level seroprevalence ranged between 1.4-5.2%, while the fifth city had a seroprevalence of 72.5%. This city had larger, zero-grazing herds, used artificial insemination to a much higher degree, replaced their animals by purchasing from their neighbors, were less likely to contact a veterinarian in case of sick animals, and were also judged to be less clean. Within the high-prevalence city, farms were at higher risk of being infected if they had a young owner and if they were judged less clean. In the low-prevalence cities, no risk factors could be identified. In conclusion, this study has identified that a city can have a high burden of infected animals in the peri-urban areas, but that seroprevalence is strongly influenced by the husbandry system. Increased intensification can be associated with increased risk, and thus the practices associated with this, such as artificial insemination, are also associated with increased risk. These results may be important to identify high-risk areas for prioritizing interventions and for policy decisions influencing the structure and development of the dairy industry.

Cloning,expression and identification of the different fragments of polymorphic membrane protein I and its immunogenicity analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar D / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To obtain the full length (FL ) and C‐terminal fragment of polymorphic membrane protein I (PmpI) of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar D ,and to study the immunogenicity of these proteins .Methods The target genes of PmpI‐FL and PmpI‐C were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inserted into the prokaryotic plasmid vector pGEX‐6P‐1 .The recombinant plasmids pGEX‐6P‐1/PmpI‐FL and pGEX‐6P‐1/PmpI‐C were separately transformed into Escherichia .coli ( E . coli) DH5αand were identified by enzyme digestion ,sequencing and PCR .After the identification ,the recombinant plasmids were separately transformed into E .coli BL21 and induced to express the proteins . The expected proteins were identified by Coomassie brilliant blue staining and Western blot ,then purified by glutathione S‐transferase (GST) MagBeads .The purified proteins were then injected into BALB/c mice to prepare the polyclonal antibodies against PmpI‐FL or PmpI‐C .Enzyme‐linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the quantitative detection of the specific antibody .Results The lengths of cloned target genes PmpI‐FL and PmpI‐C were 2 659 bp and 1 195 bp ,respectively ,and the sequences were consistent with those of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar D in GenBank .The molecular masses of target proteins were 122 000 and 69 000 ,respectively ,which were confirmed by Coomassie brilliant blue staining and Western blot and then purified .The titers of the antibodies (anti‐PmpI‐FL and anti‐PmpI‐C) in sera of immunized mice detected by ELISA were 1∶12 800 and 1∶6 400 ,respectively .Conclusion The PmpI‐FL‐GST and PmpI‐C‐GST fusion proteins with high immunogenicity are successfully expressed and purified , which lays the foundation for further study .