Factors interfering with the adoption of good hygiene practices in public school food services in Bahia, Brazil.

This cross-sectional study aimed to identify factors that interfere with the adoption of good hygiene practices in public school food services (SFS) in Bahia, Brazil. The search was conducted in public schools in Bahia/Brazil. Data collection included (i) evaluation of the adoption of Good Practices in school food services through visual observation and registration in the checklist in Good Hygienic Practices in School Food Services; (ii) Identification of schools' foodservice physical areas and environmental comfort measures; (iii) identification of sociodemographic and occupational characteristics and assessment of attitudes and level of knowledge in food hygiene. The minimum sample of 158 schools (confidence level of 95% and an error of 5%) was stratified considering the total number of districts (areas) and the schools' number per area. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Science-SPSS® in version 26.0. The categorical variables were described as frequencies and percentages, and the quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation. Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis with Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to examine qualitative variables. Independent Student t-test and ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc tests were used to examine quantitative variables. Categorical variables were evaluated by Pearson Chi-squared tests. The Pearson test was used to analyze the correlation between Attitude and knowledge. The classification of the sanitary status was of moderate risk in 74.8% (n = 119) of the SFS (51-75% of compliance) and 25.2% (n = 40) at high risk (26-50% compliance). The average percentage of compliance for the 159 SFS in the municipality was 50.23%, obtaining a high-risk classification (26-50% compliance). In the SFS, the absence of dry goods' storage, meat preparation area, and storage of residues in more than 98% of schools was observed. Accessing attitudes, 1.4% (n = 2) of the food handlers were classified as unsatisfactory (0 to 49% of correct answers), 8.5% (n = 12) as satisfactory with restriction (50-69% of correct answers) and 90.1% (n = 128) as satisfactory. There was no correlation between Attitude and Knowledge level (p = 0.394). Considering the knowledge level, the item with the highest and lowest number of hits were: "To avoid food contamination, I wash and disinfect my hands before preparing food" and "Contaminated food will always have some change in color, smell, or taste". There was a significant difference in the level of knowledge considering mean wage (p = 0.000), time working in school food service (p = 0.001), weekly workday (p = 0.000), and participation in food hygiene training (p = 0.000). Therefore, factors that interfered in adopting good practices in the SFS were: inadequate physical structure, absence of areas in the SFS, and absence/low number of equipment to control the production process in the cold and hot chain. Food handlers showed satisfactory attitudes and level of knowledge. However, the physical structure of the SFS compromises the adoption of good practices. It risks the safety of the food served to students at the evaluated public schools.

Eating Competence, Food Consumption and Health Outcomes: An Overview.

Eating Competence (EC) is one behavioral perspective of eating practices that has been associated with a healthy lifestyle. It emphasizes eating pleasure, self-regulation of eating, body weight satisfaction, and regular meal frequency that includes food variety without focusing on dietary guidelines. EC is composed of four components (Eating Attitude, Food Acceptance, Internal Regulation, and Contextual Skill), and its assessment is performed using the Eating Competence Satter Inventory (ecSI2.0™), developed and validated in English for an adult population. EC has been associated with diet quality and health indicators for various population groups and the development of skills that increase EC might be a strategy to improve nutritional health, and prevent obesity and other chronic diseases. In this sense, this study presents an overview of the background, concepts, features, and possible associations among EC, food consumption, and health outcomes. The high prevalence of diseases associated with food/nutrition draws attention to the necessity to broaden the view on food and its relationship with health and well-being, considering not only nutrients and food combinations but also the behavioral dimensions of eating practices. Healthy nutritional recommendations that take into account attitudes and behaviors are in accordance with the EC behavioral model. Studies on eating behavior emphasize the need to better understand attitudes towards food and eating in the general population using validated instruments. In this context, measuring EC and its association with health outcomes seems to be relevant to nutritional health. The complexity of food choices has been examined in social, behavioral, and biological sciences, representing a great challenge for applying unique and simple theoretical models. Multiple methods are required, as no single theory can fully explain food selection.

Influencia de los valores sobre los estilos de liderazgo: un análisis según el modelo de liderazgo transformacional - transaccional de bass / Influence of values on leadership styles: an analysis according to bass' transformational-transactional leadership model

Se presentan datos correspondientes a un estudio realizado con 224 líderes (142 hombres y 84 mujeres) residentes en la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires y en el conurbano, que se desempeñaban en empresas pequeñas, medianas y grandes, el cual tuvo como objetivo principal determinar la influencia que ejercen los valores del líder sobre su estilo de liderazgo. Se observó que los valores de autotrascendencia y apertura al cambio predecían el estilo de liderazgo transformacional, mientras que los valores de autopromoción predecían el estilo de liderazgo transaccional. No se observó interacción entre los valores de conservación y el estilo de liderazgo transaccional.

Data corresponding to a study made with 224 low and high level leaders (142 men and 84 women) resident appear inBuenos Aires, which worked in small, medium and big companies which had as primary target to determine theinfluence that exerts the values of the leader on their leadership style. It was observed that the self transcendence andopenness to change values predicted transformational leadership style whereas the self promotion values predicted thetransactional leadership style. There was no interaction between conservation values and transactional leadership style.

La evaluación de los valores humanos con el Portrait Values Questionnaire de Schwartz / Human values assessment with Schwart's[sic] Portrait Values Questionnaire

El estudio de los valores puede ser abordado desde múltiples perspectivas (filosófica, psicológica, sociológica, etc.). En Psicología, el análisis de las orientaciones valóricas de los individuos ha cobrado especial importancia a partir de las conceptualizaciones de Schwartz (1992, 2001) quien verificó una estructura de diez valores (Poder, Logro, Hedonismo, Estimulación, Autodirección, Universalismo, Benevolencia, Tradición, Conformidad y Seguridad), los cuales se organizan en cuatro bipolaridades (Autotrascendencia, Autopromoción, Conservación y Apertura al cambio) en más de 60 países, dando soporte empírico a la clasificación de los valores humanos. Este estudio tiene como objetivos: (a) adaptar y validar el Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) de Schwartz (1992, 2001) y (b) verificar si existen diferencias individuales según dos contextos objeto de estudio (civil y militar) y según sexo y edad. Se recogieron datos de una población argentina (N = 692) en tres contextos diferentes: (a) población civil (n = 471), (b) oficiales militares (n = 97) y (c) cadetes (n = 124). El estudio permitió verificar parcialmente la estructura de los valores propuestos por el autor. La fiabilidad del PVQ resulta muy adecuada en los tres contextos estudiados. Asimismo se pudo verificar que los civiles están más orientados hacia el logro de objetivos personales (Autopromoción) y la independencia para decir y hacer lo que uno quiere (Apertura al cambio), mientras que los militares están más orientados hacia los valores relacionados con el mantenimiento del orden social, la seguridad, la conservación de las tradiciones (Tradición y Conformidad). Por otra parte, los resultados mostraron que no existen diferencias en las orientaciones valóricas según sexo y edad

The study of human values can be approached from multiple perspectives (philosophical, psychological, sociological, etc.). In Psychology, the analysis of individual differences on value orientation has grown exponentially since Schwartz's works (1992, 2001) who verified a structure of ten universal values (Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-transcendence, Self-enhancement, Conservatism and Openness to change) [ ... ] The main goals for this study are: (a) to adapt and validate the PVQ (Portrait Values Questionnaire) for the assessment of human values and (b) to verify individual differences in two contexts (civil and military), as well as in gender and age. Data were taken from an Argentinian population (N=692) in three different contexts: (a) a civil setting (n=471), (b) among military officers (n=97), and (c) military cadets (n=124). The study allowed us to verify patially the value structure proposed by the author. PVQ reliability is adequate in all three contexts applied. We were also able to verify that the civil population is more oriented by Self-enhancement and Openness to change (Achievement and Hedonism) compared to military population. The latter were more oriented by values related to Conservatism (Tradition and Conformity). We found no differences related to gender and age

La evaluación de los valores humanos con el Portrait Values Questionnaire de Schwartz / Human values assessment with Schwarts[sic] Portrait Values Questionnaire

El estudio de los valores puede ser abordado desde múltiples perspectivas (filosófica, psicológica, sociológica, etc.). En Psicología, el análisis de las orientaciones valóricas de los individuos ha cobrado especial importancia a partir de las conceptualizaciones de Schwartz (1992, 2001) quien verificó una estructura de diez valores (Poder, Logro, Hedonismo, Estimulación, Autodirección, Universalismo, Benevolencia, Tradición, Conformidad y Seguridad), los cuales se organizan en cuatro bipolaridades (Autotrascendencia, Autopromoción, Conservación y Apertura al cambio) en más de 60 países, dando soporte empírico a la clasificación de los valores humanos. Este estudio tiene como objetivos: (a) adaptar y validar el Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) de Schwartz (1992, 2001) y (b) verificar si existen diferencias individuales según dos contextos objeto de estudio (civil y militar) y según sexo y edad. Se recogieron datos de una población argentina (N = 692) en tres contextos diferentes: (a) población civil (n = 471), (b) oficiales militares (n = 97) y (c) cadetes (n = 124). El estudio permitió verificar parcialmente la estructura de los valores propuestos por el autor. La fiabilidad del PVQ resulta muy adecuada en los tres contextos estudiados. Asimismo se pudo verificar que los civiles están más orientados hacia el logro de objetivos personales (Autopromoción) y la independencia para decir y hacer lo que uno quiere (Apertura al cambio), mientras que los militares están más orientados hacia los valores relacionados con el mantenimiento del orden social, la seguridad, la conservación de las tradiciones (Tradición y Conformidad). Por otra parte, los resultados mostraron que no existen diferencias en las orientaciones valóricas según sexo y edad(AU)

The study of human values can be approached from multiple perspectives (philosophical, psychological, sociological, etc.). In Psychology, the analysis of individual differences on value orientation has grown exponentially since Schwartzs works (1992, 2001) who verified a structure of ten universal values (Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-transcendence, Self-enhancement, Conservatism and Openness to change) [ ... ] The main goals for this study are: (a) to adapt and validate the PVQ (Portrait Values Questionnaire) for the assessment of human values and (b) to verify individual differences in two contexts (civil and military), as well as in gender and age. Data were taken from an Argentinian population (N=692) in three different contexts: (a) a civil setting (n=471), (b) among military officers (n=97), and (c) military cadets (n=124). The study allowed us to verify patially the value structure proposed by the author. PVQ reliability is adequate in all three contexts applied. We were also able to verify that the civil population is more oriented by Self-enhancement and Openness to change (Achievement and Hedonism) compared to military population. The latter were more oriented by values related to Conservatism (Tradition and Conformity). We found no differences related to gender and age(AU)

La evaluación de los valores humanos con el Portrait Values Questionnaire de Schwartz / Human values assessment with Schwarts[sic] Portrait Values Questionnaire

El estudio de los valores puede ser abordado desde múltiples perspectivas (filosófica, psicológica, sociológica, etc.). En Psicología, el análisis de las orientaciones valóricas de los individuos ha cobrado especial importancia a partir de las conceptualizaciones de Schwartz (1992, 2001) quien verificó una estructura de diez valores (Poder, Logro, Hedonismo, Estimulación, Autodirección, Universalismo, Benevolencia, Tradición, Conformidad y Seguridad), los cuales se organizan en cuatro bipolaridades (Autotrascendencia, Autopromoción, Conservación y Apertura al cambio) en más de 60 países, dando soporte empírico a la clasificación de los valores humanos. Este estudio tiene como objetivos: (a) adaptar y validar el Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) de Schwartz (1992, 2001) y (b) verificar si existen diferencias individuales según dos contextos objeto de estudio (civil y militar) y según sexo y edad. Se recogieron datos de una población argentina (N = 692) en tres contextos diferentes: (a) población civil (n = 471), (b) oficiales militares (n = 97) y (c) cadetes (n = 124). El estudio permitió verificar parcialmente la estructura de los valores propuestos por el autor. La fiabilidad del PVQ resulta muy adecuada en los tres contextos estudiados. Asimismo se pudo verificar que los civiles están más orientados hacia el logro de objetivos personales (Autopromoción) y la independencia para decir y hacer lo que uno quiere (Apertura al cambio), mientras que los militares están más orientados hacia los valores relacionados con el mantenimiento del orden social, la seguridad, la conservación de las tradiciones (Tradición y Conformidad). Por otra parte, los resultados mostraron que no existen diferencias en las orientaciones valóricas según sexo y edad(AU)

The study of human values can be approached from multiple perspectives (philosophical, psychological, sociological, etc.). In Psychology, the analysis of individual differences on value orientation has grown exponentially since Schwartzs works (1992, 2001) who verified a structure of ten universal values (Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Stimulation, Self-transcendence, Self-enhancement, Conservatism and Openness to change) [ ... ] The main goals for this study are: (a) to adapt and validate the PVQ (Portrait Values Questionnaire) for the assessment of human values and (b) to verify individual differences in two contexts (civil and military), as well as in gender and age. Data were taken from an Argentinian population (N=692) in three different contexts: (a) a civil setting (n=471), (b) among military officers (n=97), and (c) military cadets (n=124). The study allowed us to verify patially the value structure proposed by the author. PVQ reliability is adequate in all three contexts applied. We were also able to verify that the civil population is more oriented by Self-enhancement and Openness to change (Achievement and Hedonism) compared to military population. The latter were more oriented by values related to Conservatism (Tradition and Conformity). We found no differences related to gender and age(AU)