The effects of regular home delivery of HIV self-testing and follow-up counselling on HIV testing and prevention outcomes in men who have sex with men who test infrequently in the United States: a pragmatic, virtual randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Past research shows that HIV self-testing (HIVST) can increase testing and facilitate more HIV diagnoses relative to clinic testing. However, in the United States, the use of HIVSTs is limited due to concerns that those who use HIVST could be less likely to be linked to care. METHODS: From January 2019 to April 2022, we recruited 811 men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States who tested infrequently using an online marketing campaign and randomized them 1:1:1 to receive one of the following every 3 months for a year: (1) text message reminders to get tested at a local clinic (control); (2) mailed HIVST kits with access to a free helpline (standard HIVST); and (3) mailed HIVST kits with counselling provided within 24 hours of opening a kit (eTest). Quarterly follow-up surveys assessed HIV testing, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use and sexual risk behaviour. FINDINGS: Eight participants were diagnosed with HIV, and all but one were through HIVST. Participants in either HIVST condition, standard or eTest, had significantly higher odds of any testing (OR = 7.9, 95% CI = 4.9-12.9 and OR = 6.6, 95% CI = 4.2-10.5) and repeat testing (>1 test; OR = 8.5, 95% CI = 5.7-12.6; OR = 8.9, 95% CI = 6.1-13.4) over 12 months relative to the control group. Rates of STI testing and PrEP uptake did not differ across study condition, but those in the eTest condition reported 27% fewer sexual risk events across the study period relative to other groups. CONCLUSIONS: HIVST vastly increased testing, encouraged more regular testing among MSM, and identified nearly all new cases, suggesting that HIVST could diagnose HIV acquisition earlier. Providing timely follow-up counselling after HIVST did not increase rates of STI testing or PrEP use, but some evidence suggested that counselling may have reduced sexual risk behaviour. To encourage more optimal testing, programmes should incorporate HIVST and ship kits directly to recipients at regular intervals.

Quality of Blood Pressure Monitoring During Telehealth Visits for Pregnant Patients at Risk of Preeclampsia.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The United States Preventative Services Task Force released 2023 recommendations encouraging more research on telehealth's role in facilitating blood pressure monitoring for patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia. This study evaluates the integration of self-measured blood pressure (SMBP) into telehealth obstetric visits during the COVID-19 pandemic for pregnant patients at risk of preeclampsia. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with one or more preeclampsia risk factors who delivered at a tertiary hospital from January to March 2021. Information pertaining to patients' number of antepartum, postpartum, and telehealth visits, blood pressure cuff access, and documentation of SMBP readings was recorded. Analyses were conducted in RStudio version 2022.12.0 + 353 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Results: Of 721 eligible patients, 244 (33.8%) had 2 or more ante- or postpartum telehealth visits. Of these 244 patients, 142 (58.2%) had chart documentation of owning a home blood pressure cuff. Only 106 (43.4%) had 1 or more SMBP documented in their telehealth visit notes, and they were more likely to have received care at federally qualified health centers than maternal fetal medicine clinics (p = 0.018) or private clinics (p < 0.001). Charts revealed no explanation for lack of blood pressure documentation during telehealth visits for most cases (n = 129, 93.5%). Conclusions: Opportunities exist to standardize blood pressure recording and documentation during telehealth visits, especially for patients with risk factors for preeclampsia, and to advocate for greater access to home blood pressure cuffs for all pregnant patients.

Personality Changes and Staring Spells in a 12-Year-Old Child: A Case Report Incorporating ChatGPT, a Natural Language Processing Tool Driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Low grade gliomas (LGGs) are the most common type of brain tumors diagnosed in children. The presentation of intracranial tumors in pediatric patients is varied and diverse. The early identification and treatment of LGGs are important to achieve favorable outcomes. Although personality changes can be a symptom of intracranial tumors, they are rarely the only main presenting feature. In addition to central nervous system (CNS) tumors, personality changes can be associated with psychological and endocrine conditions, contributing to a broad differential diagnosis. Because symptoms such as personality changes have the potential to be missed, communication between family members and clinicians is imperative to identify these symptoms early. We report the case of a 12-year-old child who presented with personality changes as her main symptom and was found to have an intracranial neoplasm. This case report integrates original author writing with output from ChatGPT, a natural language processing tool driven by artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to the case itself, this report will explore the benefits and drawbacks of using natural language AI in this context.

Microfinance Interventions and HIV Treatment Outcomes: A Synthesizing Conceptual Framework and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Microfinance interventions have the potential to improve HIV treatment outcomes, but the mechanisms through which they operate are not entirely clear. OBJECTIVES: To construct a synthesizing conceptual framework for the impact of microfinance interventions on HIV treatment outcomes using evidence from our systematic review. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review by searching electronic databases and journals from 1996 to 2018 to assess the effects of microfinance interventions on HIV treatment outcomes, including adherence, retention, viral suppression, and CD4 cell count. RESULTS: All studies in the review showed improved adherence, retention, and viral suppression, but varied in CD4 cell count following participation in microfinance interventions-overall supporting microfinance's positive role in improving HIV treatment outcomes. Our synthesizing conceptual framework identifies potential mechanisms through which microfinance impacts HIV treatment outcomes through hypothesized intermediate outcomes. CONCLUSION: Greater emphasis should be placed on assessing the effect mechanisms and intermediate behaviors to generate a sound theoretical basis for microfinance interventions.