Factors affecting the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors-related initial decline in glomerular filtration rate and its possible effect on kidney outcome in chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes: The Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database.

AIM: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors often cause a transient decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) shortly after the initiation, referred to as the 'initial drop'. However, the clinical significance of this initial drop in real-world practice remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the nationwide Japan Chronic Kidney Disease Database, we examined factors that affected the initial drop, in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We also evaluated the effects of the initial drop on a composite kidney outcome (a decline in GFR of ≥50% or progression to end-stage kidney disease). RESULTS: Data from 2053 patients with CKD and T2DM newly prescribed an SGLT2 inhibitor were analysed. The follow-up period after SGLT2 inhibitor administration was 1015 days (interquartile range: 532, 1678). Multivariate linear regression models revealed that the concomitant use of the renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and diuretics, urinary protein levels ≥2+, and changes in GFR before the initiation of the SGLT2 inhibitor were associated with a larger initial GFR decline (ß = -0.609, p = .039; ß = -2.298, p < .001; ß = -0.936, p = .048; ß = -0.079, p < .001, respectively). Patients in the quartile with the largest initial GFR decline experienced a higher incidence of the subsequent composite kidney outcome than those in the other quartiles (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The concomitant use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and diuretics, higher urine protein levels and pre-treatment GFR changes were associated with a larger initial GFR decline. Of these factors, the use of a diuretic had the largest effect. Furthermore, patients with CKD and T2DM experiencing an excessive initial GFR drop might be at a higher risk of adverse kidney outcomes.

Aseptic meningitis after amenamevir treatment for herpes zoster ophthalmicus with oculomotor nerve palsy in a patient taking immunosuppressant.

A 79-year-old woman presented with vomiting after being prescribed amenamevir by her primary care physician. She had a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis and was administered prednisolone and methotrexate. She was finally diagnosed with herpes zoster ophthalmicus and aseptic meningitis, and intravenous antiviral therapy was initiated. However, the patient developed oculomotor nerve palsy on the 11th day of hospitalization. In this case, there was a time lag between the administration of antiviral drugs and clinical improvement. Our case suggests the necessity of selecting antivirals, especially in high-risk cases of CNS complications, to avoid the low intracerebral transferability of antiviral drugs, including amenamevir.

Effects of valsartan versus amlodipine in diabetic hypertensive patients with or without previous cardiovascular disease.

Recently, we reported that angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), valsartan, and calcium channel blocker (CCB), amlodipine, had similar effects on the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in diabetic hypertensive patients. We assessed the difference of cardiovascular protective effects between ARB and CCB in patients with and without previous CVD, respectively. A total of 1,150 Japanese diabetic hypertensive patients were randomized to either valsartan or amlodipine treatment arms, which were additionally divided into 2 groups according to the presence of previous CVD at baseline (without CVD, n = 818; with CVD, n = 332). The primary composite outcomes were sudden cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for heart failure. The incidence of primary end point events in patients with previous CVD was 3.5-times greater than that in patients without previous CVD (64.1 vs 17.9/1,000 person-years). The ARB- and the CCB-based treatment arms showed similar incidence of composite CVD events in both patients without previous CVD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76 to 2.40) and those with previous CVD (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.31). The ARB-treatment arm showed less incidence of stroke compared with the CCB-based treatment arm in patients with previous CVD (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.11, p = 0.068), whereas the 2 treatment arms showed similar incidence of stroke in patients without previous CVD (HR 1.52, 95% CI 0.59 to 3.91). In conclusion, the ARB- and the CCB-based treatments exerted similar protective effects of CVD events regardless of the presence of previous CVD. For stroke events, the ARB may have more protective effects than the CCB in diabetic hypertensive patients with previous CVD.