Outbreaks of human monkeypox during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review for healthcare professionals.

The ongoing 2022 multicountry monkeypox epidemic has drawn worldwide attention. Human monkeypox is a virus that spreads from animals to humans. It is an endemic disease in the rain forests of Central and West Africa. However, the disease recently emerged in India, and also in United States through imported wild rodents from Africa, even though the world is still struggling to escape from the clutches of the COVID-19 pandemic. Monkeypox is one of the contagious zoonotic diseases caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), transmitted to humans by direct contact with an infected person or animal or contact with virus-contaminated material. Its lesions are similar to smallpox in humans with various medical complications including flu-like symptoms, fever, malaise, back pain, headache, and a characteristic rash. Public health experts around the world are very concerned about the rapid spread of the infection, which has intensified efforts to find the source and cause of this phenomenon. Several viral infections with epidemic potential threaten global health security. Early recognition of cases and timely intervention of potential transmission chains are necessary to contain further outbreaks. At this early stage of monkeypox outbreaks, the current review provides updated information on the current worldwide monkeypox outbreak status, disease aetiology, clinical presentation, therapy, and preventive measures worldwide. Our review will also provide useful information to health professionals and the general public.

Swarna Bindu Prashana-an Ancient Approach to Improve the Infant's Immunity.

Swarna bindu prashana (SBP) is a metallic medicinal preparation widely used in Ayurveda pediatrics. The main ingredients of SBP are swarna prashan (gold nanoparticle), gou ghrita (cow ghee), madhu (honey), and other medhya dravyas (drugs which enhance intellectual, memory). According to the Indian classical text, SBP has been proposed as a potent medicine for immunotherapies and vaccine development due to its indefinite size, shapes, charges, and surface functionality. In this review, we describe the plausible mechanism of SBP in dendritic cells maturation and subsequent T cell activation. But being herbo-metallic preparation, its safety and efficacy are well supported by the classical publications of Ayurveda. To conclude, SBP is an immune booster for infants against any viral disease, and it is necessary to validate its safety and efficacy through systematic methodological research.

Association of Serum Magnesium with Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cataract.

Magnesium deficiency enhances oxidative stress which contributes to early development of cataract formation, and also the progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients remains unclear. The present study was designed to evaluate the serum levels of magnesium, oxidative stress marker and antioxidant status and to find out if there is any association between them in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataract compared with non-diabetic senile cataract, diabetes without cataract and normal healthy subjects. This comparative study includes 90 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with cataract, 90 non-diabetic senile cataract patients, 90 type 2 diabetes mellitus without cataract and 90 normal healthy individual subjects without cataract in the age group between 40 and 75 years of both genders. Serum magnesium was estimated by using a fully automated analyser. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress biomarker, was determined by spectrophotometry, and the antioxidant status such as serum reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase-3(GPX-3) levels was estimated by ELISA method. The present study shows significantly decreased levels of magnesium, GSH, GPX-3 and increased level of MDA in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with cataract when compared with non-diabetic senile cataract patients, type 2 DM without cataract and normal healthy individuals. A significant negative correlation of serum magnesium with MDA and positive correlation with GPX-3 were observed. The present findings indicate that hypomagnesaemia is a significant pathogenic factor which causes increased oxidative stress which may trigger earlier cataractogenesis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.