Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Coronary Artery Disease by Integrated Microarray Analysis.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of end-stage cardiac disease. Although profound efforts have been made to illuminate the pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms of CAD remain to be analyzed. To identify the candidate genes in the advancement of CAD, microarray dataset GSE23766 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed and the module analysis was performed using the Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) and Cytoscape. Additionally, target genes-miRNA regulatory network and target genes-TF regulatory network were constructed and analyzed. There were 894 DEGs between male human CAD samples and female human CAD samples, including 456 up regulated genes and 438 down regulated genes. Pathway enrichment analyses revealed that DEGs (up and down regulated) were mostly enriched in the superpathway of steroid hormone biosynthesis, ABC transporters, oxidative ethanol degradation III and Complement and coagulation cascades. Similarly, geneontology enrichment analyses revealed that DEGs (up and down regulated) were mostly enriched in the forebrain neuron differentiation, filopodium membrane, platelet degranulation and blood microparticle. In the PPI network and modules (up and down regulated), MYC, NPM1, TRPC7, UBC, FN1, HEMK1, IFT74 and VHL were hub genes. In the target genes-miRNA regulatory network and target genes-TF regulatory network (up and down regulated), TAOK1, KHSRP, HSD17B11 and PAH were target genes. In conclusion, the pathway and GO ontology enriched by DEGs may reveal the molecular mechanism of CAD. Its hub and target genes, MYC, NPM1, TRPC7, UBC, FN1, HEMK1, IFT74, VHL, TAOK1, KHSRP, HSD17B11 and PAH were expected to be new targets for CAD. Our finding provided clues for exploring molecular mechanism and developing new prognostics, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CAD.

Contribution of community pharmacists in educating the asthma patients.

Background: In asthma, the preventive measures taken by patients play an important role in improving life span and quality of life. This can be done more efficiently by community pharmacist by providing patient counseling and improving knowledge of patient about disease, risk factors, medication management and preventive measures to control asthma. Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the contribution of community pharmacists in improvement of life span and quality of life of asthma patients. METHOD: The study was performed from Mid September to Mid-November 2014 in Dawadmi, Riyadh province, KSA. Data were collected by using a structured face to face questionnaire with randomly selected different community pharmacies. The questionnaire composed of different closed questions about the action plan of pharmacists in asthma management and factors that affect the counseling of asthma patients by the pharmacists. Results: It is noteworthy to observe that, in general, pharmacists are sufficiently knowledgeable and competent to counsel their asthma patients effectively.

Preparation and characterization of novel PBAE/PLGA polymer blend microparticles for DNA vaccine delivery.

CONTEXT: Poly(beta-amino ester) (PBAE) with its pH sensitiveness and Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with huge DNA cargo capacity in combination prove to be highly efficient as DNA delivery system. OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of novel synthesized PBAE polymer with PLGA blend at different ratios in DNA vaccine delivery. METHODS: In the present study, multifunctional polymer blend microparticles using a combination of PLGA and novel PBAE polymers A1 (bis(3-(propionyloxy)propyl)3,3'-(propane-1,3-diyl-bis(methylazanediyl))dipropanoate) and A2 (bis(4-(propionyloxy)butyl)3,3'-(ethane-1,2-diyl-bis(isopropylazanediyl))dipropanoate) at different ratios (85:15, 75:25, and 50:50) were prepared by double emulsion solvent removal method. The microparticles were characterized for cytotoxicity, transfection efficiency, and DNA encapsulation efficiency. RESULT: It was evident from results that among the microparticles prepared with PLGA/PBAE blend the PLGA:PBAE at 85:15 ratio was found to be more effective combination than the microparticles prepared with PLGA alone in terms of transfection efficiency and better DNA integrity. Microparticles made of PLGA and PBAE A1 at 85:15 ratio, respectively, were found to be less toxic when compared with microparticles prepared with A2 polymer. CONCLUSION: The results encourage the use of the synthesized PBAE polymer in combination with PLGA as an effective gene delivery system.