Fatal infection in three Grey Slender Lorises (Loris lydekkerianus nordicus) caused by clonally related Trueperella pyogenes.

BACKGROUND: Trueperella pyogenes is a worldwide known bacterium causing mastitis, abortion and various other pyogenic infections in domestic animals like ruminants and pigs. In this study we represent the first case report of three unusual fatal infections of Grey Slender Lorises caused by Trueperella pyogenes. Meanwhile, this study represents the first in-depth description of the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) on T. pyogenes species. CASE PRESENTATION: Three Trueperella pyogenes were isolated from three different Grey Slender Lorises, which died within a period of two years at Frankfurt Zoo (Frankfurt am Main - Germany). The three Grey Slender Loris cases were suffering from severe sepsis and died from its complication. During the bacteriological investigation of the three cases, the T. pyogenes were isolated from different organisms in each case. The epidemiological relationship between the three isolates could be shown by four genomic DNA fingerprint methods (ERIC-PCR, BOX-PCR, (GTG)5-PCR, and RAPD-PCR) and by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) investigating four different housekeeping genes (fusA-tuf-metG-gyrA). CONCLUSION: In this study, we clearly showed by means of using three different rep-PCRs, by RAPD-PCR and by MLSA that the genomic fingerprinting of the investigated three T. pyogenes have the same clonal origin and are genetically identical. These results suggest that the same isolate contaminated the animal's facility and subsequently caused cross infection between the three different Grey Slender Lorises. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological approach concentrating on T. pyogenes using MLSA.

Arcanobacterium pinnipediorum sp. nov., isolated from a harbour seal.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on an unidentified Arcanobacterium-like, Gram-stain-positive bacterium, strain 2710T, isolated from a harbour seal. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that this bacterial strain belonged to the genus Arcanobacterium and was related most closely to the type strains of Arcanobacterium phocae (98.4 % similarity) and Arcanobacterium phocisimile (97.5 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of other Arcanobacterium species were between 95.3 and 96.9 %. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 2710T and A. phocae DSM 10002T and A. phocisimile LMG 27073T were 4.7 % (reciprocal 56 %) and 23 % (reciprocal 7.7 %), respectively. The presence of the major menaquinone MK-9(H4) and a polar lipid profile with the major compounds diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside supported the affiliation of strain 2710T to the genus Arcanobacterium. The major fatty acids were C16:0, C18:1ω9c, C18:0 and C18:2ω6,9c/anteiso-C18:0. The peptidoglycan structure was of cross-linkage type A5α (l-Lys-l-Lys-d-Glu). Physiological and biochemical tests clearly distinguished the isolate from other members of the genus Arcanobacterium. Based on these tests, it is proposed that this unknown bacterium should be classified as a novel species of the genus Arcanobacterium, with the name Arcanobacterium pinnipediorum sp. nov. The type strain is 2710T ( = DSM 28752T = LMG 28298T).

Identification of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from bovine mastitis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The present study was designed to investigate the potential of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to identify Trueperella (T.) pyogenes isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. FT-IR spectroscopy was applied to 57 isolates obtained from 55 cows in a period from 2009 to 2012. Prior to FT-IR spectroscopy these isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic properties, also including the determination of seven potential virulence factor encoding genes. The FT-IR analysis revealed a reliable identification of all 57 isolates as T. pyogenes and a clear separation of this species from the other species of genus Trueperella and from species of genus Arcanobacterium and Actinomyces. The results showed that all 57 isolates were assigned to the correct species indicating that FT-IR spectroscopy could also be efficiently used for identification of this bacterial pathogen.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum isolated from clinical samples in a Danish hospital.

Six Arcanobacterium haemolyticum strains isolated from six patients of two hospitals in Denmark were identified phenotypically, also including matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, and by genotypic methods. The latter were performed by sequencing 16S rDNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene gap and by amplification of an A. haemolyticum specific region of 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and 23S rDNA. The six A. haemolyticum strains were further investigated for the presence of seven potential virulence genes encoding arcanolysin, phospholipase D, hemolysin A, CAMP factor family protein, collagen binding protein, neuraminidase A and neuraminidase H which appeared to be present in two (seven virulence genes), two (six virulence genes) and two strains (four virulence genes), respectively. The phenotypic and genotypic properties described in the present study might help to reliably identify and further characterize A. haemolyticum isolated from human patients, a species which seems to be of increasing importance.

Properties of an Arcanobacterium haemolyticum strain isolated from a donkey.

The present study was designed to characterize phenotypically and genotypically an Arcanobacterium haemolyticum strain (A. haemolyticum P646) isolated from a purulent nasal discharge of a donkey. A. haemolyticum P646 showed, compared to sheep blood, an enhanced hemolytic reaction on rabbit blood agar, a synergistic CAMP-like reaction with Streptococcus agalactiae and Rhodococcus equi as indicator strains, a reverse CAMP reaction in the zone of Staphylococcus aureus beta-hemolysin and the typical biochemical properties of this species. The species identity could be confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, by sequencing the 16S rDNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene gap and by amplification of A. haemolyticum specific parts of 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and 23S rDNA. A. haemolyticum P646 and the reference strain A. haemolyticum DSM 20595 were further characterized by amplification of the putative virulence genes encoding arcanolysin, phospholipase D, hemolysin A, CAMP factor family protein, a collagen binding protein and two neuraminidases which were present for A. haemolyticum DSM 20595. A. haemolyticum P646 showed a comparable gene spectrum but was negative for the genes encoding collagen binding protein and neuraminidase H. To our knowledge, the present study is the first phenotypic and genotypic characterization of an A. haemolyticum strain isolated from a donkey.

Further Studies on Arcanobacterium phocisimile: a Novel Species of Genus Arcanobacterium.

Arcanobacterium phocisimile, a newly described species with the type strain A. phocisimile 2698(T) isolated from a vaginal swab of a harbour seal and four additional A. phocisimile strains also isolated from four harbour seals could reliably be identified by phenotypic properties, by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and by sequencing the genomic targets 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region and the genes rpoB and gap. The A. phocisimile strains investigated in the present study were isolated together with several other bacterial species indicating that the pathogenic importance of A. phocisimile remains unclear. However, the detection of peptidic spectra by MALDI-TOF MS and the presented phenotypic and genotypic approach might help to identify A. phocisimile in future.

Trueperella abortisuis, an emerging pathogen isolated from pigs in Germany.

In the present study four Trueperella (T.) abortisuis strains isolated from an umbilical swab, two anal swabs and from a placenta after abortion of four pigs, respectively, could successfully be identified phenotypically, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and genotypically by amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene sequence and gene sodA encoding superoxide dismutase A as additional molecular target. All four T. abortisuis were isolated together with various other bacterial species indicating that the pathogenic importance of this novel species remains unclear. However, according to the literature and to the results of the present study T. abortisuis could be recovered from samples of animals in Japan and in different microbiological laboratories in Germany emphasizing its increasing importance.

Arcanobacterium phocisimile sp. nov., isolated from harbour seals.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on two previously unidentified Arcanobacterium-like Gram-positive strains isolated from harbour seals. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that both bacteria belonged to the genus Arcanobacterium and were most closely related to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum CIP 103370(T) (98.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), A. canis P6775(T) (97.4%), A. phocae DSM 10002(T) (97.4%), A. pluranimalium M430/94/2(T) (95.7%) and A. hippocoleae CCUG 44697(T) (95.5%). The presence of the major menaquinone MK-9(H4) supported the affiliation of the isolates with the genus Arcanobacterium. The polar lipid profile consisted of major amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The major fatty acids were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9c and summed feature 5 (comprising C18:2ω6,9c and/or anteiso-C18:0). Physiological and biochemical tests clearly distinguished the isolates from other members of the genus Arcanobacterium. Based on the common origin and various physiological properties comparable to those of A. phocae, it is proposed that the isolates are classified as members of a novel species with the name Arcanobacterium phocisimile sp. nov. The type strain is 2698(T) (=LMG 27073(T) =CCM 8430(T)).

Trueperella pyogenes as cause of a facial abscess in a grey slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus nordicus)--a case report.

In the present study a Trueperella (T.) pyogenes strain isolated from an abscess on the left side of the face of a six year old grey slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus nordicus) could successfully be identified phenotypically, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and genotypically using T. pyogenes superoxide dismutase A encoding gene sodA and T. pyogenes 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region specific oligonucleotide primers. The T. pyogenes strain could additionally be characterized by PCR-mediated amplification of several known and putative virulence factor encoding genes which revealed the presence of the genes plo encoding pyolysin, nanH encoding neuraminidase NanH and the genes fimA, fimC, fimE encoding the fimbrial subunits FimA, FimC and FimE but not the genes cbpA and nanP encoding collagen-binding protein CbpA and neuraminidase NanP, respectively. The present data give the first information about properties of T. pyogenes isolated from a monkey.