Novel therapeutic approaches for the management of hepatitis infections.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) & hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a substantial reason for morbidity and mortality around the world. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is connected with an enhanced risk of liver cirrhosis, liver decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Conventional therapy do face certain challenges, for example, poor tolerability and the growth of active resistance. Thus, novel treatment procedures are essential to accomplish the initiation of strong and stable antiviral immune reactions of the individuals. This review explores the current nanotechnology-based carriers for drug and vaccine delivery to treat HBV and HCV.

Hepatitis infections are a major health problem that affects lots of people across the globe. Without treatment, it can seriously harm the liver and might even lead to a type of liver cancer. The treatments we currently have can sometimes cause side effects or the virus can learn how to fight back against them. This means we need new and better ways to treat it. In our article, we talk about how Hepatitis B and C affects the body and how our natural defenses try to protect us. We then dive into a kind of science called nanotechnology, which uses tiny particles to help deliver medicine or vaccines in a better way. This new method could help medications be better at treating Hepatitis B and C.

Current trends and future perspectives for enhanced drug delivery to central nervous system in treatment of stroke.

Stroke, one of the leading causes of death around the globe, is expected to rise considerably by 2050. The expanding nanotechnology science offers a promising future for medical research treating stroke. Nanomaterials are expanding their application in stroke management by structure and function as in perfluorocarbon, iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanospheres, and other organic and inorganic nanostructures. Nanotechnology integrated with stem-cell therapy is a different hit in stroke treatment. Nonetheless, some challenges must be resolved before globalizing the use of nanomaterials in stroke treatment and other neurological disorders.

A stroke is an emergency medical condition that affects the brain. Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the US and fifth in other developing countries. Taking blood-clotting medicines, helps relieve symptoms by preventing blood clots. However, they cannot treat the cause of the disease that is causing them. Therefore, using body fluids for identifying and treating strokes will give better results. In general, giving medicine to the brain is difficult, and it is a big challenge. Nanosized small molecules help to overcome this problem. This review aims to summarize how stroke is managed and how these molecules can help.

Nanotechnology Approaches for Enhanced CNS Drug Delivery in the Management of Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder mainly affecting the central nervous system (CNS), presented with auditory and visual hallucinations, delusion and withdrawal from society. Abnormal dopamine levels mainly characterise the disease; various theories of neurotransmitters explain the pathophysiology of the disease. The current therapeutic approach deals with the systemic administration of drugs other than the enteral route, altering the neurotransmitter levels within the brain and providing symptomatic relief. Fluid biomarkers help in the early detection of the disease, which would improve the therapeutic efficacy. However, the major challenge faced in CNS drug delivery is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nanotherapeutic approaches may overcome these limitations, which will improve safety, efficacy, and targeted drug delivery. This review article addresses the main challenges faced in CNS drug delivery and the significance of current therapeutic strategies and nanotherapeutic approaches for a better understanding and enhanced drug delivery to the brain, which improve the quality of life of schizophrenia patients.

Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanosystem for Colon Specific Drug Delivery.

An ideal colon specific drug delivery system needs to perform multiple functions like greater bio availability, less toxicity and higher therapeutic efficacy, all of which require high degree of smartness. This article focuses on the overview of the stimuli-responsive polymers and various nanodrug delivery systems which have found applications in colon specific delivery of drugs as this system provide a link between therapeutic need and drug delivery. These polymers exhibit a non-linear response to a small stimulus leading to a macroscopic alteration in their structure/properties. Stimuli responsive polymers display a significant physio chemical change in response to small changes in their environment (temperature, pH, light etc.). Colonic drug delivery has gained increased importance in treating diseases like Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, colon cancer etc. The expansion in the development of polymers based system with greater flexibility, versatility and unexplored potential enables new opportunities for them in uplifting bio medicine. Applying the concepts of smartness in the context of clinically relevant therapeutic and diagnostic systems, it can prelude in a new era of 'smart' therapeutics that can improve the health care fields. In particular, due to its high sensitivity to the stimuli, this system has been identified as a sensible platform for releasing drug at suitable site and at appropriate time.