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1.
Environ Res ; 167: 583-590, 2018 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30173115

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the toxicity of hydroxylated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) for thyroid hormones (TH) is limited, and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the effects of environmental prenatal exposure to OH-PCBs and maternal and neonatal TH levels, taking the maternal-fetal TH transfer into account. METHODS: In this prospective birth cohort (the "Hokkaido study") we included 222 mother-neonate pairs. We measured five OH-PCB isomers in maternal serum samples either during pregnancy or within 5 days of delivery. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were obtained from maternal blood samples at an early gestational stage (median; 11.1 weeks) and from heel prick samples of neonates between 4 and 7 days after birth. Multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to investigate the associations between maternal OH-PCB and maternal and neonatal TH levels. RESULTS: Median concentration of ∑OH-PCBs was 25.37 pg/g wet weight. The predominant isomer was 4-OH-CB187, followed by 4-OH-CB146+3-OH-CB153. In the fully adjusted linear regression analysis, maternal ∑OH-PCBs was positively associated with maternal FT4, and 4-OH-CB187 was positively associated with both maternal and neonatal FT4 levels. Maternal OH-PCBs showed no significant association with TSH among mothers and neonates. Path analysis indicated the indirect pathway from 4-OH-CB187 exposure to increased neonatal FT4, via maternal THs and neonatal TSH. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that maternal exposure to OH-PCBs during pregnancy may increase both maternal and neonatal FT4 levels. Neonatal FT4 is presumed to be increased by prenatal 4-OH-CB187 indirectly, and this process may be mediated by maternal THs and neonatal TSH.


Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Exposição Materna , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Tiroxina/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Tireotropina/sangue
2.
Neurotoxicology ; 69: 201-208, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29203293

RESUMO

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are environmental contaminants that persist in the environment and bioaccumulate through the food chain in humans and animals. Although previous studies have shown an association between prenatal OCP exposure and subsequent neurodevelopment, the levels of OCPs included in these studies were inconsistent. A hospital-based prospective birth cohort study was conducted to examine the associations between prenatal exposure to relatively low levels of OCPs and neurodevelopment in infants at 6 (n=164) and 18 (n=115)months of age. Blood samples were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques to quantify 29 OCPs. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development 2nd edition (BSID-II) was used to assess the Mental and Psychomotor Developmental Index. After controlling for confounders, we found an inverse association between prenatal exposure to cis-heptachlor epoxide and the Mental Developmental Index at 18 months of age. Furthermore, infants born to mothers with prenatal concentrations of cis-heptachlor epoxide in the highest quartile had Mental Developmental Index scores -9.8 (95% confidence interval: -16.4, -3.1) lower than that recorded for infants born to mothers with concentrations of cis-heptachlor epoxide in the first quartile (p for trend <0.01). These results support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to OCPs, especially cis-heptachlor epoxide, may have an adverse effect on the neurodevelopment of infants at specific ages, even at low levels.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Saúde da Criança/tendências , Poluentes Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/diagnóstico , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários
3.
Sci Total Environ ; 618: 1423-1430, 2018 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29017727

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) or polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like compounds [DLCs]) through environmental chemicals may affect the neurodevelopment of children. In our previous study, an inverse association was observed between prenatal DLCs and neurodevelopment of infants aged 6months in both sexes. However, studies are yet to determine how long these adverse effects last. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the effects of DLCs on cognitive development remains at 42months. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study conducted in Sapporo, Japan, pregnant mothers' blood was analyzed for the congener level of DLCs. The Kaufman Assessment of Battery for Children (K-ABC) was used to test their children's cognitive development at 42months. A total of 141 mother-child pairs were included in the final analysis. The multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between the K-ABC scores and DLC levels in the maternal blood. RESULTS: Seven isomers (1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 33'44'55'-HxCB(#169), 2344'5- PenCB(#114), 233'44'5-HexCB(#156), 233'44'5'-HexCB(#157), 23'44'55'-HexCB(#167), total PCDF, and TEQ-PCDD, PCDF, PCDD/DFs levels were positively associated with the achievement score (AS) of K-ABC. However, total non-ortho PCBs were negatively associated with the Mental Processing Composite Score (MPCS) of K-ABC in males. In females, increased TEQ-dl PCB and TEQ-PCDD/F/dl-PCB were also associated with increasing AS score. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the negative effects of prenatal DLC exposure on children's cognitive development at 6months were not observed in children aged 42months. Regarding the sex-specific effects, AS and DLCs were positively correlated in females, whereas those of MPCS and DLCs were significantly negative in males.


Assuntos
Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Dioxinas/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Exposição Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal
4.
Environ Res ; 159: 222-231, 2017 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28803151

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Consistent reports are not available on the effects of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD)/ polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) (dioxin-like compounds [DLCs]) on child neurodevelopment. Further, the effect of background-level exposure to individual DLC isomers is not known. OBJECTIVES: We carried out the Sapporo cohort study to evaluate the effect of prenatal exposure to each DLC isomer on child neurodevelopment at 6 and 18 months of age, and assessed sex-specific differences in these effects. METHODS: The levels of all and each individual DLC isomers were estimated in maternal peripheral blood. Neurodevelopment was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-2nd Edition for 6-month-old infants (n = 190) and 18-month-old children (n = 121). RESULTS: In male children, levels of 10 DLC isomers were significantly negatively associated with the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) at 6 months of age after adjustment for potential confounding variables. However, at 18 months of age, these associations were absent. In female children, the level of only one DLC isomer was significantly negatively associated with PDI at 6 months of age. However, in contrast to the male children, the levels of six DLC isomers in 18-month-old female children were significantly positively associated with the Mental Developmental Index. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that adverse neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal background-level exposure to DLCs may be stronger in male children.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Dioxinas/sangue , Dioxinas/toxicidade , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Japão , Masculino , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Sexuais
6.
Environ Health Prev Med ; 21(5): 334-344, 2016 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27137816

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been widely used as industrial products, and are persistent organic pollutants due to their chemical stability. Previous studies suggested that PFOS and PFOA might disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) status. Although TH plays an important role in fetal growth during pregnancy, little attention has been paid to the relationships between maternal exposure to perfluorocarbons and TH statuses of mothers and fetuses. We investigated the effects of low levels of environmental PFOS and PFOA on thyroid function of mothers and infants. METHODS: Of the eligible subjects in a prospective cohort, 392 mother-infant pairs were selected. Concentration of maternal serum PFOS and PFOA was measured in samples taken during the second and third trimesters or within 1 week of delivery. Blood samples for measuring thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were obtained from mothers at early gestational stage (median 11.1 weeks), and from infants between 4 and 7 days of age, respectively. RESULTS: Median concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were 5.2 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.6-12.3] and 1.2 (95 % CI limitation of detection-3.4) ng/mL, respectively. Maternal PFOS levels were inversely correlated with maternal serum TSH and positively associated with infant serum TSH, whereas maternal PFOA showed no significant relationship with TSH or FT4 among mothers and infants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PFOS may independently affect the secretion and balances of maternal and infant TSH even at low levels of environmental exposure.


Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Fluorocarbonos/metabolismo , Exposição Materna , Hormônios Tireóideos/metabolismo , Adulto , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Japão , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto Jovem
7.
Sci Total Environ ; 541: 1002-1010, 2016 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26473702

RESUMO

Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are ubiquitous and persistent pollutants widely detected in blood samples of animals and humans across the globe. Although animal studies have shown the potential neurotoxicity of PFCs, there are few epidemiological studies regarding neurological effects of PFCs in humans, and those studies have had inconclusive results. In this study, we conducted a hospital-based prospective birth cohort study between 2002 and 2005 (n=514) to examine the associations between prenatal perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) exposures and the neurodevelopment of infants at 6 (n=173) and 18 (n=133) months of age. Using the second edition of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID II), the Mental and Psychomotor Developmental Indices (MDI and PDI, respectively) were assessed. PFOS and PFOA were measured in maternal serum samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After controlling for confounders, prenatal PFOA concentrations were associated with the MDI of female (but not male) infants at 6 months of age (ß=-0.296; 95% confidence interval (CI): -11.96, -0.682). Furthermore, females born to mothers with prenatal concentrations of PFOA in the fourth quartile had MDI scores -5.05 (95% CI: -10.66 to 0.55) lower than females born to mothers with concentrations of PFOA in the first quartile (p for trend=0.045). However, PFOA concentrations were not significantly associated with neurodevelopmental indices at 18 months of age. In addition, we did not observe any significant association between PFOS concentrations and neurodevelopmental outcomes in early infancy. In conclusion, our results suggest that prenatal PFOA exposure may affect female mental scales of neurodevelopment at 6 months of age. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer observation periods are required to clarify sex difference of the neurodevelopmental effects.


Assuntos
Ácidos Alcanossulfônicos/metabolismo , Caprilatos/metabolismo , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Fluorocarbonos/metabolismo , Exposição Materna/estatística & dados numéricos , Sistema Nervoso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Sangue Fetal , Humanos , Lactente , Japão , Masculino , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Estudos Prospectivos
8.
Environ Health Prev Med ; 19(1): 30-45, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23913005

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between antenatal depression and infant development after controlling for confounding factors. METHODS: A hospital-based prospective cohort study (Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health) was conducted between July 2002 and October 2005 in Sapporo, Japan. Of 309 mothers who delivered at Sapporo Toho Hospital during the study period and who agreed with the clinical assessment of depression, 154 mother-infant pairs were eligible for analysis. Antenatal depression was assessed between the second and third trimesters using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and infant development was assessed at 6 months by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II). Data on potential confounders, including socioeconomic status, birth complications, postnatal depression and child care environment, were obtained from medical records and self-administered questionnaires. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted in which the EPDS score was entered as an independent variable and the BSID-II scores as a dependent variable, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: Although the antenatal EPDS score tended to be related to the BSID-II score in the univariable analysis, this correlation was lost in the multivariable analysis. However, based on a series of linear regression analyses, antenatal depression was found to be significantly related to shorter gestational age (ß = -0.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI) [-1.20, -0.17]), and shorter gestational age was significantly related to a lower BSID-II (mental development) score (ß = 0.23, 95 % CI [0.00, 0.00]). CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age is an important confounder in the association between maternal antenatal depression and infant development. A delay in infant development may be related to a shorter gestational period caused by maternal depression during pregnancy.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Transtorno Depressivo/epidemiologia , Adulto , Depressão Pós-Parto/epidemiologia , Depressão Pós-Parto/etiologia , Transtorno Depressivo/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários
9.
Environ Health Prev Med ; 18(6): 429-50, 2013 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23959649

RESUMO

The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health is an ongoing cohort study that began in 2002. The study consists of two prospective birth cohorts, the Sapporo cohort (n = 514) and the Hokkaido large-scale cohort (n = 20,940). The primary goals of this study are to first examine the potential negative effects of perinatal environmental chemical exposures on birth outcomes, including congenital malformations and growth retardation; second, to evaluate the development of allergies, infectious diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders and perform longitudinal observations of the children's physical development to clarify the causal relationship between these outcomes and environmental chemicals; third, to identify individuals genetically susceptible to environmental chemicals; finally, to identify the additive effects of various environmental factors in our daily life, such as secondhand smoke exposure or low folate intake during early pregnancy. In this paper, we introduce our recent progress in the Hokkaido study with a cohort profile updated in 2013. For the last ten years, we followed pregnant women and their offspring, measuring various environmental chemicals, i.e., PCB, OH-PCB and dioxins, PFCs (Perfluorinated Compounds), Organochlorine pesticides, Phthalates, bisphenol A and mercury. We discovered that the concentration of toxic equivalents (TEQ) of dioxin and other specific congeners of PCDF or PCDD have effects on birth weight, infants' neurodevelopment and immune function. There were significant gender differences in these effects; our results suggest that male infants have more susceptibility to those chemical exposures than female infants. Interestingly, we found maternal genetic polymorphisms in AHR, CYP1A1 or GSTs that significantly modified the dioxin concentrations in maternal blood, suggesting different dioxin accumulations in the bodies of individuals with these genotypes, which would lead to different dioxin exposure levels. These genetic susceptibility factors influenced the body size of children born from mothers that either smoked or were passively exposed to tobacco smoke. Further studies investigating the correlation between epigenetics, the effects of intrauterine exposure to environmental chemicals and developmental factors related to health and disease are warranted.


Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Exposição Ambiental , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/epidemiologia , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos de Coortes , Doenças Transmissíveis/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Transmissíveis/genética , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/etiologia , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/etiologia , Hipersensibilidade/genética , Japão/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/induzido quimicamente , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/genética , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Sexuais
10.
Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi ; 64(4): 765-73, 2009 Sep.
Artigo em Japonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19797844

RESUMO

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are persistent environmental pollutants. The effects of these pollutants on neurodevelopment in children have been assessed in longitudinal studies performed in areas with low-level contamination of PCBs and dioxins. Some of these studies have shown that the PCBs and dioxins induced adverse effects on the neurodevelopment of children. However, other studies did not reveal any negative effects of these chemicals on development. Thus, consistent results describing the effects of low-level PCB and dioxin exposure on children's development have not been obtained. To study the effects of these agents on the neurodevelopment of children, it is essential to identify the target of the study, determine the duration of the study, and devise a protocol for performing the studies, as these are important factors that affect research findings. Furthermore, detailed evaluations of neurodevelopment should be performed by longitudinal methods to obtain reliable measurements of outcomes. However, it is necessary to assess the burden on subjects; this step can help reduce the loss of subjects and determine the most suitable approach to evaluating neurodevelopment.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Dioxinas/efeitos adversos , Bifenilos Policlorados/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Disruptores Endócrinos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Prospectivos , Projetos de Pesquisa
11.
Chemosphere ; 73(6): 923-31, 2008 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18718631

RESUMO

We conducted a congener-specific analysis of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (non-dioxin-like PCBs) in blood collected between July 2002 and July 2004 from 195 pregnant women living in Sapporo City of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The present study is one of the few studies in which full congener concentrations of non-dioxin-like PCBs have been measured in the blood of pregnant women. Of the 195 pregnant women, 101 were primipara (mean: 28.8 years, median: 28.0 years) and 94 were multipara (mean: 32.3 years, median: 33.0 years). Among the 197 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners, 58 congeners were identified in the blood of pregnant women. The arithmetic mean total concentrations of 58 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners in the blood of primiparous and multiparous mothers in Sapporo City were 42.2-329.3 (mean: 114.5, median: 98.6) and 31.5-258.0 (mean: 100.3, median: 91.4)ngg(-1)lipid, respectively. The results show that the contamination of non-dioxin-like PCBs in the blood of women has decreased compared to past levels in other domestic areas, in which the subject age was similar to that in this study. The results of the present study indicate that current levels of non-dioxin-like PCBs in the blood of Japanese women and can be used as baseline data for future temporal trends. The sums of the ratios of the concentrations of hexaCBs and heptaCBs to the total concentrations of 58 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners in the blood of primiparous and multiparous mothers were 78.5% and 77.7%, respectively. The hexaCBs ratios in the blood of primiparous and multiparous mothers were 45.4% and 44.7%, respectively. HexaCB-153 among hexaCBs congeners, the most abundant congener in the blood of primiparous and multiparous mothers, contributed approximately 22.0% and 21.8% to the total concentrations of 58 non-dioxin-like PCBs congeners that were measured in the blood, respectively. Among the non-dioxin-like PCB congeners measured in the present study, hexaCB-138, heptaCB-170, heptaCB-180, and heptaCB-182/heptaCB-187 also showed high ratios to total concentrations of 58 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners detected in the blood of primiparous and multiparous mothers. With regard to the relationship between the total concentrations of 58 non-dioxin-like PCB congeners in maternal blood and the number of deliveries or the age of primiparous and multifarious mothers, the total levels of these PCB congeners tended to decreases with increases in the number of deliveries and significantly increased with increasing maternal age in both groups. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between the total concentrations of these PCB congeners in blood and the age of primiparae and multiparae. The concentrations of hexaCB-153 in the blood of primiparous and multiparous mothers showed a close correlation to the total concentrations of these PCBs, suggesting that hexaCB-153 could be an indicator of total concentrations of non-dioxin-like PCB congeners in the blood of pregnant women.


Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/sangue , Poluentes Ambientais/química , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Bifenilos Policlorados/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Monitoramento Ambiental , Feminino , Humanos , Japão , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paridade , Gravidez
12.
Chemosphere ; 72(8): 1152-8, 2008 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18474391

RESUMO

We measured the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho PCBs), and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (mono-ortho PCBs) in paired samples of blood and breast milk collected from 60 mothers in Sapporo City, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The present study is one of the few studies in which PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs have been measured in blood and breast milk collected from 60 same mothers. Of these 60 mothers, 30 were primipara (mean: 30.1 years, median: 28.0 years) and 30 were multipara (mean: 32.2 years, median: 32.5 years). The arithmetic mean TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs in blood and breast milk of the primiparous mothers were 9.0, 3.3, 5.7, and 0.4 pg TEQ g(-1) lipid, respectively, and 5.2, 2.2, 4.5, and 0.4 pg TEQ g(-1) lipid, respectively, with the total TEQ concentrations of these dioxin-like compounds being 9.3-42.9 (mean: 18.4, median: 17.3) and 7.0-41.1 (mean: 12.3, median: 11.4) pg TEQ g(-1) lipid, respectively. In the case of multiparous mothers, the arithmetic mean TEQ concentrations of these dioxin-like compounds in blood and breast milk were 7.1, 2.7, 5.3, and 0.4 pg TEQ g(-1) lipid, respectively, and 3.9, 1.7, 3.8, and 0.4 pg TEQ g(-1) lipid, respectively, with the total TEQ concentrations being 3.4-28.1 (mean: 15.5, median: 13.9) and 2.7-20.0 (mean: 9.8, median: 9.2)pg TEQ g(-1) lipid, respectively. The total TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs in blood and breast milk of primiparous mothers in Sapporo City appeared to be generally lower than those recently surveyed throughout the greater area of Japan. Significant correlations were observed between age and the total TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs in the blood of primiparae and multiparae, and significant correlations were also observed between age and the total TEQ concentrations of these dioxin-like compounds in the breast milk of primiparae and multiparae. The total TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the blood of primiparous mothers showed a close correlation to those in their breast milk and also showed good correlations between the total TEQ concentrations of these dioxin-like compounds in the blood of multiparous mothers and those in their breast milk. The result of a comparison of the arithmetic mean concentrations of each congener of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs in blood and breast milk indicated that the transfer of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) from the blood to the breast milk was lower than those of other congeners. In contrast, among mono-ortho PCBs congeners, the arithmetic mean concentrations of 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PentaCB) (#118) and 2,3,3',4,4'-PentaCB (#105) in the breast milk were slightly higher than those in the blood, which suggested that breast-fed infants may be at higher risk from mono-ortho PCBs.


Assuntos
Benzofuranos/sangue , Leite Humano/química , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Benzofuranos/química , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Feminino , Geografia , Humanos , Japão , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Bifenilos Policlorados/análise , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análise , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/sangue
13.
Am J Epidemiol ; 167(6): 719-26, 2008 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18218609

RESUMO

Maternal smoking during pregnancy can result in both pregnancy complications and reduced size of the fetus and neonate. Among women who smoke, genetic susceptibility to tobacco smoke also is a likely causative factor in adverse pregnancy outcomes. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 460 pregnant women who delivered live singletons in Sapporo, Japan, from 2002 to 2005. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate associations of maternal smoking and polymorphisms in two genes encoding N-nitrosamine-metabolizing enzymes-NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-with birth size. Among infants born to smokers with the NQO1 homozygous wild-type allele, birth weight, birth length, and birth head circumference were significantly reduced (p < 0.01 for each factor). For the homozygous wild-type CYP2E1 allele, birth weight was lower by an estimated 195 g (standard error, 55; p < 0.001) among smokers. These genotypes did not confer adverse effects among women who had never smoked or who quit smoking during the first trimester. The adverse effects of maternal smoking on infant birth size may be modified by maternal genetic polymorphisms in N-nitrosamine-metabolizing enzymes among Japanese subjects. These results may help in directing smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy, especially among susceptible women.


Assuntos
Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , NAD(P)H Desidrogenase (Quinona)/genética , Nitrosaminas/metabolismo , Polimorfismo Genético , Complicações na Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Fumar , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Bem-Estar do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Japão , Modelos Lineares , Bem-Estar Materno , Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos
14.
Chemosphere ; 69(8): 1228-37, 2007 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17631943

RESUMO

We measured the concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), non-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho PCBs), and mono-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (mono-ortho PCBs) in blood collected between 2002 and 2004 from 195 pregnant women living in Sapporo City of Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The present study is one of the few studies in which PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs have been measured in the blood of pregnant women. Of the 195 pregnant women, 101 were primipara (mean: 28.8 years) and 94 were multipara (mean: 32.4 years). The arithmetic mean total TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs of primiparous and multiparous mothers in Sapporo City were 17.4 (median: 15.7) and 14.0 (median: 13.9)pgTEQ/glipid, respectively, and the concentrations were in the range of 6.6-43.4 and 3.4-28.2pgTEQ/glipid, respectively. In regard to the relationship between the total TEQ concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs in maternal blood and the number of deliveries or age of primiparous and multiparius mothers, the levels of these dioxin-like compounds tended to decrease with increases in the number of deliveries and significantly increased with increasing maternal age in both groups. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between the total TEQ concentrations of these dioxin-like compounds and the age of primiparae and multiparae. The total TEQ concentration of PCDDs, PCDFs, non-ortho PCBs, and mono-ortho PCBs measured in 195 pregnant women has decreased compared to past levels in Japan for the last several decades. The results of the present study have indicated that dioxin contamination in the blood of young women in Japan is continuing to decrease.


Assuntos
Benzofuranos/sangue , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangue , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/análogos & derivados , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Dibenzofuranos Policlorados , Feminino , Humanos , Japão , Idade Materna , Exposição Materna , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Paridade , Dibenzodioxinas Policloradas/sangue , Gravidez
15.
Environ Health Perspect ; 114(5): 773-8, 2006 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16675436

RESUMO

Several studies have shown that prenatal and/or postnatal background-level exposure to environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, induces adverse effects on the neurodevelopment of children. However, other studies have not detected any harmful influences on neurodevelopment. Furthermore, except in western countries, no developmental tests have been carried out in relation to detailed assessment of exposure to PCBs and dioxins. In this study (the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health), the effect of prenatal exposure to background levels of PCBs and dioxins on infant neurodevelopment in Japan/Sapporo was elucidated. The associations between the total or individual isomer level of PCBs and dioxins in 134 Japanese pregnant women's peripheral blood and the mental or motor development of their 6-month-old infants were evaluated using the second edition of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The mean level of total toxicity equivalency quantity (TEQ) was 18.8 (4.0-51.2) pg/g lipid in blood of 134 mothers. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, the total TEQ value was shown not to be significantly associated with mental developmental index (MDI) or psychomotor developmental index (PDI). However, the levels of one polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) isomer, total PCDDs, and total PCDDs/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were significantly negatively associated with MDI, and the levels of two PCDD isomers and three PCDF isomers were significantly negatively associated with the PDI. In conclusion, the background-level exposure of several isomers of dioxins during the prenatal period probably affects the motor development of 6-month-old infants more than it does their mental development.


Assuntos
Dioxinas/toxicidade , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso/efeitos dos fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Feminino , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Humanos , Lactente , Japão , Sistema Nervoso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gravidez
16.
Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi ; 61(1): 19-31, 2006 Jan.
Artigo em Japonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16506651

RESUMO

Most endocrine disrupting chemicals are characterized by their properties to induce marked phenotypic changes in offspring such as congenital anomalies and neurodevelopmental dysfunctions. Although an increase in the prevalence of hypospadias or cryptorchidism has been reported in various countries, improvement in diagnostic techniques and more attention to the features of the diseases have also been emphasized. Although there have been a few reports that hypospadias or cryptorchidism had been associated with diethylstilbestrol (DES), pesticides and so on, the associations between these diseases and endocrine disrupting chemicals remain unclear. Recently, the association between maternal metabolic polymorphism or paternal smoking during pregnancy and these diseases has been reported. There are also variable clinical features in children's neurobehavioral development, and thyroid and immune functions in relation to exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins. Only a few Dutch studies have suggested that perinatal exposure to background level of PCB/dioxin confers immunity to allergy development. Genetic susceptibility to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals may be related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is suggested that well-designed epidemiological studies such as prospective cohort studies should be performed to elucidate this association.


Assuntos
Disruptores Endócrinos/toxicidade , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/etiologia , Criança , Exposição Ambiental , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/epidemiologia , Masculino , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos
17.
Environ Health Perspect ; 112(11): 1204-7, 2004 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15289168

RESUMO

Fluorinated organic compounds (FOCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluoro-octanoate (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonylamide (PFOSA), are widely used in the manufacture of plastic, electronics, textile, and construction material in the apparel, leather, and upholstery industries. FOCs have been detected in human blood samples. Studies have indicated that FOCs may be detrimental to rodent development possibly by affecting thyroid hormone levels. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of FOCs in maternal and cord blood samples. Pregnant women 17-37 years of age were enrolled as subjects. FOCs in 15 pairs of maternal and cord blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry coupled with online extraction. The limits of quantification of PFOS, PFOA, and PFOSA in human plasma or serum were 0.5, 0.5, and 1.0 ng/mL, respectively. The method enables the precise determination of FOCs and can be applied to the detection of FOCs in human blood samples for monitoring human exposure. PFOS concentrations in maternal samples ranged from 4.9 to 17.6 ng/mL, whereas those in fetal samples ranged from 1.6 to 5.3 ng/mL. In contrast, PFOSA was not detected in fetal or maternal samples, whereas PFOA was detected only in maternal samples (range, < 0.5 to 2.3 ng/mL, 4 of 15). Our results revealed a high correlation between PFOS concentrations in maternal and cord blood (r2 = 0.876). However, we did not find any significant correlations between PFOS concentration in maternal and cord blood samples and age bracket, birth weight, or levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone or free thyroxine. Our study revealed that human fetuses in Japan may be exposed to relatively high levels of FOCs. Further investigation is required to determine the postnatal effects of fetal exposure to FOCs. Key words: cord blood, fluorinated organic compounds, human, PFOA, PFOS, PFOSA, pregnancy.


Assuntos
Ácidos Alcanossulfônicos/sangue , Exposição Ambiental , Sangue Fetal/química , Fluorocarbonos/sangue , Troca Materno-Fetal , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Peso ao Nascer , Cromatografia Líquida , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Japão , Espectrometria de Massas , Gravidez
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