The Usefulness of the Short Form-8 for Chronic Pain in the Orofacial Region: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background and purpose Given that chronic pain has become a major problem in recent years, affecting approximately 30% of the general population, this study used the Japanese version of the Short Form-8 (SF-8) to investigate (1) the quality of life (QOL) of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) or persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) (compared with a Japanese control group) and (2) whether therapeutic intervention improves the QOL and reduces pain (comparison between 0 and 12 weeks) of patients with BMS or PIFP. Materials and methods A total of 63 patients diagnosed with either BMS (n=45) or PIFP (n=18) were included in this study. The diagnostic criteria for BMS and PIFP were established based on the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Results Our study results showed that while Physical Component Summary (PCS) in patients with BMS or PIFP improved with treatment, it did not improve to the national standard value (NSV) after 12 weeks of intervention. In contrast, the Mental Component Summary (MCS) improved to the same level as the NSV after 12 weeks of intervention. Conclusions We found that therapeutic intervention improves MCS and reduces pain; however, improving PCS requires time.

Evaluation of patients suffered from burning mouth syndrome and persistent idiopathic facial pain using Japanese version PainDETECT questionnaire and depression scales.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Various questionnaires have been validated as methods for screening of neuropathic pain, but none have been established for the orofacial region. Although chronic pain and depression are likely to comorbid, few studies have examined the relationship between orofacial chronic pain and depression. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of the Japanese Version of PainDETECT as an assessment tool for neuropathic pain associated with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP). We also evaluated the depression scale such as Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI: a subjective index) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS: an objective index) with BMS or PIFP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As a target, we administered the Japanese version of the PainDETECT questionnaire to the BMS (29 patients) and PIFP (17 patients). As a control, patients with post-extraction pain (typical nociceptive pain, (EXT) 16 patients) were also participated. We performed BDI and HDRS with BMS or PIFP. RESULTS: Although PainDETECT final score was significantly higher in BMS [median: 10] compared with PIFP [6] and EXT [5] (p < 0.05), PainDETECT final scores for all groups were lower than the cutoff value for the possibility of neuropathic pain. HDRS was significantly higher in the BMS than the PIFP. There were no significant differences between the BMS and PIFP in BDI. CONCLUSION: Under the limitations of current research design, the Japanese version of the PainDETECT questionnaire does not show sufficient potential as pain assessment tool for patients with BMS and PIFP. BMS is comorbid with depression objectively when compared with PIFP.

Effectiveness of a psycho-oncology training program for oncology nurses: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Oncology nurses are expected to play an important role in psychosocial care for cancer patients. The aim of this study was to examine whether a novel training program aimed at enhancing oncology nurses' ability to assess and manage common psychological problems in cancer patients would improve participants' self-reported confidence, knowledge, and attitudes regarding care of patients with common psychological problems (trial register: UMIN000008559). METHODS: Oncology nurses were assigned randomly to either the intervention group (N = 50) or the waiting list control group (N = 46). The intervention group received a 16-h program, the content of which focused on four psychological issues: normal reactions, clinically significant distress, suicidal thoughts, and delirium. Each session included a role-play exercise, group work, and didactic lecture regarding assessment and management of each problem. Primary outcomes were changes in self-reported confidence, knowledge, and attitudes toward the common psychological problems between pre-intervention and 3 months post-intervention. Secondary outcomes were job-related stress and burnout. Intervention acceptability to participants was also assessed. RESULTS: In the intervention group, confidence and knowledge but not attitudes were significantly improved relative to the control group. No significant intervention effects were found for job- related stress and burnout. A high percentage (98%) of participants considered the program useful in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: This psycho-oncology training program improved oncology nurses' confidence and knowledge regarding care for patients with psychological problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[Adverse Events and Precautions Regarding Cognitive Behavioral Therapy].

Adverse events of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be used to identify two types depending on whether or not CBT is practiced appropriately. The results of a randomized control trial (RCT) when CBT is performed effectively show that the rate of adverse events is as low as, or lower than, that on using a pill placebo. Many adverse events are associated with a low quality of CBT caused by inappropriate practice due to therapists' lack of knowledge, skills, and experience. In order to achieve effective CBT for RCT, it is considered important to frequently assess the status of patients before and during CBT sessions, utilize the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale after the session, and conduct supervision based on audio recordings of the session.

Cognitive behavior therapy for psychological distress in patients with recurrent miscarriage.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the reduction of psychiatric symptoms using individual cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for women who suffer from recurrent miscarriage (RM) and depression and/or anxiety. METHODS: Patients with RM and a score of five or higher for K6, a self-report screening scale for depression/anxiety, were interviewed to find information about stressful situations, thoughts, and consequent behaviors that are common and potential causes of psychological distress among RM patients. We then performed individual CBT on 14 patients with RM and depression/anxiety, referring to a list from the interviews, and examined the effects of CBT by a paired t-test. RESULTS: Fourteen women received CBT. The mean number of intervention times was 8.9 sessions (standard deviation [SD], 4.6 sessions). The average Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-state anxiety scores, self-report screening scales for depression/anxiety, decreased from 13.6 (SD, 8.2) and 49.0 (SD, 7.1) at baseline to 5.2 (SD, 4.4) and 38.0 (SD, 10.2) posttherapy, respectively. These changes were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The current preliminary open study confirmed that individual CBT was potentially useful for women with RM and depression and/or anxiety. This finding is the first step towards creating a comprehensive psychological support system for women with RM.

In-situation safety behaviors among patients with panic disorder: descriptive and correlational study.

AIM: In-situation safety behaviors play an important role in the maintenance of anxiety because they prevent patients from experiencing unambiguous disconfirmation of their unrealistic beliefs about feared catastrophes. Strategies for identifying particular safety behaviors, however, have not been sufficiently investigated. The aims of the present study were to (i) develop a comprehensive list of safety behaviors seen in panic disorder and to examine their frequency; and (ii) correlate the safety behaviors with panic attack symptoms, agoraphobic situations and treatment response. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 46 consecutive patients who participated in group cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for panic disorder. All the patients completed a Safety Behavior List that was developed based on experiences with panic disorder patients. RESULTS: Carrying medications, distracting attention, carrying a plastic bottle, and drinking water were reported by more than half of the patients. The strongest correlations between panic symptoms and safety behaviors were found between symptoms of derealization and listening to music with headphones, paresthesia and pushing a cart while shopping, and nausea and squatting down. The strongest association between agoraphobic situations and safety behaviors was found between the fear of taking a bus or a train alone and moving around. Staying still predicted response to the CBT program, while concentrating on something predicted lack of response. CONCLUSION: An approximate guideline has been developed for identifying safety behaviors among patients with panic disorder and should help clinicians use CBT more effectively for these patients.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy modifies the naturalistic course of social anxiety disorder: findings from an ABA design study in routine clinical practices.

AIMS: While randomized evidence appears to have established efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and some pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD), their real-world effectiveness has been called into question by long-term naturalistic cohort studies of patients with SAD as they show very low probability of recovery and sustained social dysfunctions despite some drug and psychological therapies. METHOD: The present study examines the effectiveness of group CBT for SAD in real-world settings (n=62) by examining the course of patients' symptomatology and social functions through approximately 6 months on the waiting list, through 6 months receiving the manualized group CBT intervention consisting of 16 2-h sessions, and for 12 months after the treatment. RESULTS: We found: (i) that the patients with SAD changed little or possibly worsened through the 6 months on the waiting list, although two in three of them were on antidepressants, benzodiazepines or both; (ii) that both their symptomatology and social function improved significantly and substantively through the group CBT; and (iii) that this improvement was maintained through the 3- and 12-month follow ups. CONCLUSIONS: We can implement and must disseminate evidence-based, effective CBT for more patients with SAD to lessen their suffering and stop the perpetuation of their symptoms.

Group cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with generalized social anxiety disorder in Japan: outcomes at 1-year follow up and outcome predictors.

BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment option for patients with SAD. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of group CBT for patients with generalized SAD in Japan at 1-year follow-up and investigated predictors with regard to outcomes. METHODS: This study was conducted as a single-arm, naturalistic, follow-up study in a routine Japanese clinical setting. A total of 113 outpatients with generalized SAD participated in group CBT from July 2003 to August 2010 and were assessed at follow-ups for up to 1 year. Primary outcome was the total score on the Social Phobia Scale/Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SPS/SIAS) at 1 year. Possible baseline predictors were investigated using mixed-model analyses. RESULTS: Among the 113 patients, 70 completed the assessment at the 1-year follow-up. The SPS/SIAS scores showed significant improvement throughout the follow-ups for up to 1 year. The effect sizes of SPS/SIAS at the 1-year follow-up were 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.41-0.95)/0.76 (0.49-1.03) in the intention-to-treat group and 0.77 (0.42-1.10)/0.84 (0.49-1.18) in completers. Older age at baseline, late onset, and lower severity of SAD were significantly associated with good outcomes as a result of mixed-model analyses. CONCLUSIONS: CBT for patients with generalized SAD in Japan is effective for up to 1 year after treatment. The effect sizes were as large as those in previous studies conducted in Western countries. Older age at baseline, late onset, and lower severity of SAD were predictors for a good outcome from group CBT.

Ictal physiological characteristics of remitters during bilateral electroconvulsive therapy.

Ictal heart rate (HR) and postictal suppression in ictal EEG are believed to be predictive of the therapeutic efficacy of eletroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression. However, regarding ictal peak HR, previous studies investigated ictal HR on only one or two occasions during the course of ECT. We prospectively examined whether two physiological parameters, ictal peak HR and postictal suppression in ictal EEG, during every session, including those with abortive seizure, predicted ECT efficacy. Ictal peak HR and postictal suppression index were analyzed in 53 consecutive inpatients with depression using generalized estimating equations analysis, which corrects for the repeated nature of the observations. The peak HR and postictal suppression index were associated with therapeutic efficacy in remitters during sessions with adequate seizure. The physiological characteristics of the remitters included lower peak HR, lower stimulus energy, and higher postictal suppression index. However, these results could not be generalized, and are limited to non-atropine conditions and bilateral ECT.

Change in quality of life and their predictors in the long-term follow-up after group cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders. The efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been examined but to date its effects on Quality of Life (QoL) have not been appropriately evaluated especially in the long term.The study aimed to examine, in the long term, what aspects of Quality of Life (QoL) changed among social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients treated with group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and what predictors at baseline were associated with QoL. METHODS: Outpatients diagnosed with SAD were enrolled into group CBT, and assessed at follow-ups for up to 12 months in a typical clinical setting. QoL was evaluated using the Short Form 36. Various aspects of SAD symptomatology were also assessed. Each of the QoL domains and scores on symptomatology were quantified and compared with those at baseline. Baseline predictors of QoL outcomes at follow-up were investigated. RESULTS: Fifty-seven outpatients were enrolled into group CBT for SAD, 48 completed the whole program, and 44 and 40 completed assessments at the 3-month and 12-month follow-ups, respectively. All aspects of SAD symptomatology and psychological subscales of the QoL showed statistically significant improvement throughout follow-ups for up to 12 months. In terms of social functioning, no statistically significant improvement was observed at either follow-up point except for post-treatment. No consistently significant pre-treatment predictors were observed. CONCLUSIONS: After group CBT, SAD symptomatology and some aspects of QoL improved and this improvement was maintained for up to 12 months, but the social functioning domain did not prove any significant change statistically. Considering the limited effects of CBT on QoL, especially for social functioning, more powerful treatments are needed.

Interoceptive hypersensitivity as prognostic factor among patients with panic disorder who have received cognitive behavioral therapy.

The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the acute-phase treatment of panic disorder is well established. However, there are data to show CBT may not always be able to prevent recurrence after treatment. The central cognitive component of panic disorder psychopathology is thought to be hypersensitivity to physical sensations. The present study reports that some aspects of interoceptive hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal fears in particular, were predictive of the course of panic disorder after end of CBT. Clinically it is suggested that new interoceptive tasks related to gastrointestinal fears are needed.

Video feedback with peer ratings in naturalistic anxiety-provoking situations for social anxiety disorder: Preliminary report.

The present study aimed to examine how video feedback can affect perceived performance and anticipatory anxiety in various naturalistic social anxiety-provoking situations among clinical patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and to examine predictors that might influence response to video feedback. Participants were 52 consecutive patients with DSM-IV SAD who participated in a group-based CBT program. Our results demonstrated that video feedback was associated with a decrease in the underestimation of own performance as well as the perception of feared outcomes. Moreover, anticipatory anxiety decreased after video feedback combined with peer feedback. Male sex, comorbidity with other anxiety disorders, and benzodiazepine prn, as well as patients' initial anxiety and avoidance were negative predictors of the effect of video feedback.

Neural correlates of memory in depression measured by brain perfusion SPECT at rest.

AIM: Brain metabolism activated studies have indicated associations between memory and the anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus in patients with depression. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate memory function, measured as performance on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), and its relationship to brain perfusion using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) at rest in patients with depression. METHODS: The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and WMS-R were measured for 17 patients with depression by an independent clinical evaluation team. Voxel-based correlation analyses were performed with statistical parametric mapping at an extent threshold of 200 voxels. Associations were controlled for state and trait factors. RESULTS: WMS-R measurements of verbal, visual, and general memory were inversely correlated with brain perfusion in the right anterior cingulate cortex, left premotor cortices, and both regions, respectively. The HAMD directly correlated with brain perfusion in the right anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION: Brain perfusion SPECT measurements of the anterior cingulate cortex at rest were associated with the severity of depression and immediate memory scores measured with the WMS-R.

Videotaped experiments to drop safety behaviors and self-focused attention for patients with social anxiety disorder: do they change subjective and objective evaluations of anxiety and performance?

Safety behavior (SB) and self-focused attention (SFA) have been posited as important maintenance factors in the cognitive model of social anxiety disorder (SAD). The present study reports the results of experiments to drop SB and SFA among clinically diagnosed patients with SAD employing their own idiosyncratic anxiety-provoking situations. The ratings for observable anxiety, belief in feared outcome and overall performance were better for role plays without SB and SFA than for role plays with them. The degree of drop in SFA predicted drop in observable anxiety and belief in feared outcome. Dropping SB and SFA, however, was unable to completely correct the cognitive distortion because the subjective ratings were still significantly worse than the objective ratings.

Cognitive-behavior therapy for Japanese patients with panic disorder: acute phase and one-year follow-up results.

AIM: The aim of this paper is to report the outcomes and follow-up data of our cognitive behavioral therapy program for Japanese patients with panic disorder and to examine the baseline predictors of their outcomes. METHODS: Seventy outpatients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were treated with manualized group cognitive behavioral therapy. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (20%) did not complete the program. Among the completers, the average Panic Disorder Severity Scale score fell from 12.8 at baseline to 7.1 post-therapy (44.7% reduction). This effectiveness was sustained for 1 year. While controlling for the baseline severity, the duration of illness and the baseline social dysfunction emerged as significant predictors of the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that group cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder can bring about as much symptom reduction among Japanese patients with panic disorder as among Western patients.

Cross-cultural study of conviction subtype Taijin Kyofu: proposal and reliability of Nagoya-Osaka diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder.

Conviction subtype Taijin-Kyofu (c-TK) is a subgroup of mental disorder characterized by conviction and strong fear of offending others in social situations. Although the concept of c-TK overlaps with that of social anxiety disorder (SAD), patients with c-TK often may not be diagnosed as such within the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria. We propose the Nagoya-Osaka criteria to amend this situation. This study examined the cross-cultural interrater reliability of the proposed criteria. Eighteen case vignettes of patients with a variety of complaints focused around social anxieties were collected from 6 different countries, and diagnosed by 13 independent raters from various nationalities according to the original DSM-IV and the expanded criteria. The average agreement ratio for the most frequent diagnostic category in each case was 61.5% with DSM-IV and 87.6% with the modified DSM-IV with Nagoya-Osaka criteria (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the Nagoya-Osaka criteria for SAD can improve interrater reliability of SAD.

Group cognitive behavior therapy for Japanese patients with social anxiety disorder: preliminary outcomes and their predictors.

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have provided strong evidence for the use of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, all of the previous reports were from Europe and North America and it is unknown whether Western psychological therapies are effective for SAD in non-Western cultures. The present pilot study aimed to evaluate CBT program for SAD which was originally developed for Western patients, among Japanese patients. METHODS: Fifty-seven outpatients who participated in group CBT for SAD were evaluated using eight self-reported and one clinician-administered questionnaires to measure various aspects of SAD symptomatology at the beginning and at the end of the program. Pre- and post-treatment scores were compared and the magnitude of treatment effect was quantified as well based once on the intention-to-treat (ITT) and once among the completers only. We also examined baseline predictors of the CBT outcomes. RESULTS: Seven patients (12%) did not complete the program. For the ITT sample, the percentage of reduction was 20% to 30% and the pre to post treatment effect sizes ranged from 0.37 to 1.01. Among the completers, the respective figures were 20% to 33% and 0.41 to 1.19. We found no significant pretreatment predictor of the outcomes. CONCLUSION: Group CBT for SAD is acceptable and can bring about a similar degree of symptom reduction among Japanese patients with SAD as among Western patients.

Sensitization of catastrophic cognition in cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive model of panic disorder have proposed that panic attacks result from the catastrophic misinterpretation of certain bodily sensations. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for panic disorder aims to change these catastrophic cognitions. CBT intervention successfully caused reduction of catastrophic cognitions and symptomatic improvement in the majority of cases. However there are some patients who fail to modify their catastrophic cognitions or rather experience an increase in them during CBT treatment. It is clinically and theoretically important to understand about cognitive sensitization of panic disorder during CBT sessions. The purpose of the present study is 1) to clarify the baseline characteristics of panic patients who would experience sensitization of their catastrophic cognitions through the CBT treatment, and 2) to examine the course of symptomatic changes for them. METHODS: Of ninety-five outpatients with panic disorder started the group CBT program for treatment of panic disorder, seventy-nine completer were classified as "cognitively sensitized (CS)" or "cognitive responding (CR)" or "no-responder" according to the difference of the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire score across treatment. We compared the CS and CR patients in terms of their baseline clinical characteristics. Then we assessed the symptomatic and functional changes for both groups. RESULTS: At the start of the CBT program, despite of the same degree of panic disorder severity, CS scored significantly lower on ACQ score than CR. CS also showed significantly lower score on anticipatory anxiety compared to CR. At the end of treatment CS showed significant improvement in severity of panic disorder, although the degree of improvement was smaller than that for CR. Then CS would progressively reduce their agoraphobic fear and avoidance, and would improve their functional impairment up to three month of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Panic patients who would experience sensitization of their catastrophic cognitions through the CBT treatment could nonetheless gradually improve. They showed a relatively low level of catastrophic cognition and anticipatory anxiety before starting the CBT program. We might conclude that temporary sensitization of catastrophic cognition may be necessary before improvement especially among those with initially low catastrophic body sensation fears and that we need not be concerned too much with temporary increase in catastrophic cognition in the process of CBT for panic disorder.

Ictal electroencephalographic correlates of posttreatment neuropsychological changes in electroconvulsive therapy: a hypothesis-generation study.

OBJECTIVES: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been associated with memory and neuropsychological changes, but which features of ECT are associated with those changes have not been well investigated. The aim of this hypothesis-generation study was to examine correlations between ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics and cognitive side effects after ECT. METHODS: Eight patients with major depressive disorder were examined with the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), the Stroop test, the Trail Making Test, and verbal fluency before and after ECT treatment. Seven ictal EEG measurements (eg, slow-wave phase amplitude, postictal suppression) were manually rated by 3 independent psychiatrists. The correlations between ictal EEG measurements, changes in WMS-R subset scores, and non-memory-related neuropsychological assessments were examined with Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS: Verbal memory, general memory, attention/concentration, delayed memory of WMS-R subset scores, and the Stroop test scores improved significantly after ECT treatment. Postictal suppression and slow-wave amplitude correlated positively with delayed memory and visual/verbal discrepancy score. Slow-wave amplitude correlated negatively with letter fluency. The longer the polyspike wave duration, the higher the attention/concentration test results. CONCLUSIONS: Certain ictal EEG measurements were associated with changes in several neuropsychological test results that had improved 2 weeks after the final ECT treatment. A hypothesis-testing study with a larger sample is needed to verify the relationships between EEG measurements and neuropsychological test performance.