Cladospolide D, a new 12-membered macrolide antibiotic produced by Cladosporium sp. FT-0012.

A new antibiotic termed cladospolide D was isolated along with the known cladospolides A and B from the fermentation broth of Cladosporium sp. FT-0012 by solvent extraction, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The structure of cladospolide D was deduced to be (E)-2-dodecen-5-hydroxy-11-olide-4-one. Cladospolide D showed antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae and Mucor racemosus.

Nafuredin, a novel inhibitor of NADH-fumarate reductase, produced by Aspergillus niger FT-0554.

A novel compound, nafuredin, was isolated as an inhibitor of anaerobic electron transport (NADH-fumarate reductase). It was obtained from culture broth of Aspergillus niger FT-0554 isolated from a marine sponge. The structure was elucidated as an epoxy-delta-lactone with an attached methylated olefinic side chain on the basis of spectral analysis.

A new macrocyclic trichothecene, 12,13-deoxyroridin E, produced by the marine-derived fungus Myrothecium roridum collected in Palau.

A new macrocyclic trichothecene, 12,13-deoxyroridin E (1), and three known compounds, roridin E (2), verrucarin A (3), and verrucarin J (4), were obtained as cytotoxic components from the marine-derived fungus Myrothecium roridum, isolated in Palau. 12,13-Deoxyroridin E is the second example of a macrocyclic trichothecene possessing a double bond at C-12-C-13 and was about 80-fold less cytotoxic than roridin E, the epoxide variant.

[D-Leu(1)] microcystin-LR, a new microcystin isoplated from waterbloom in a Canadian prairie lake.

A previously undescribed cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin was isolated from a cyanobacteria waterbloom collected in Pakowki Lake, Alberta, Canada (49 degrees 20'N and 110 degrees 55'W). The compound was characterized by amino acid analysis, ESIMS/CID/MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR, and UV spectroscopy. Structure of the new microcystin was assigned as [D-Leu(1)]microcystin-LR (1). The amino acid composition is the same as microcystin-LR (2) except for D-Leu and L-Leu in 1 instead of D-Ala and L-Leu in 2. This is the first microcystin identified, among the 64 known microcystins, that has both a D- and L-Leu amino acid. Toxicity as measured by the protein phosphatase inhibition activity of 1 is similar to microcystin-LR. The presence of microcystins in waterblooms from this lake is discussed in relation to the almost yearly bird mortalities that have occurred there since 1995.

An anthelmintic compound, nafuredin, shows selective inhibition of complex I in helminth mitochondria.

Infections with parasitic helminths are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. New drugs that are parasite specific and minimally toxic to the host are needed to counter these infections effectively. Here we report the finding of a previously unidentified compound, nafuredin, from Aspergillus niger. Nafuredin inhibits NADH-fumarate reductase (complexes I + II) activity, a unique anaerobic electron transport system in helminth mitochondria, at nM order. It competes for the quinone-binding site in complex I and shows high selective toxicity to the helminth enzyme. Moreover, nafuredin exerts anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus in in vivo trials with sheep. Thus, our study indicates that mitochondrial complex I is a promising target for chemotherapy, and nafuredin is a potential lead compound as an anthelmintic isolated from microorganisms.

Isolation and characterization of bioactive metabolites from marine-derived filamentous fungi collected from tropical and sub-tropical coral reefs.

Two new compounds, paecilospirone (1) and phomopsidin (2), and seven known compounds, chaetoglobosin A (3), griseofulvin (4), fusarielin A (5), fusapyrone (6), deoxyfusapyrone (7), and verrucarins J (8) and L acetate (9), have been isolated and characterized from marine-derived fungi collected in tropical and sub-tropical coral reef environments. The utility of marine-derived fungi as a source of bioactive secondary metabolites is discussed.

Argifin, a new chitinase inhibitor, produced by Gliocladium sp. FTD-0668. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, and biological activities.

A new chitinase inhibitor, named argifin, was isolated from the cultured broth of a fungal strain FTD-0668. The strain was identified as Gliocladium sp. from morphological characteristics. The IC50 value of argifin against Lucilia cuprina chitinase was 3.7 microM. Argifin arrested the moult of cockroach larvae upon injection into the ventral abdominal part.

Roselipins, inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase, produced by Gliocladium roseum KF-1040.

Gliocladium roseum KF-1040, a marine isolate, was found to produce a series of new inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Four active compounds, designated roselipins 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the producing strain by solvent extraction, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The highest production of roselipins was observed when cultured in the medium containing natural sea water. Roselipins inhibit DGAT activity with IC50 values of 15 approximately 22 microM in an enzyme assay system using rat liver microsomes.

Phenochalasins, inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages, produced by Phomopsis sp. FT-0211.

Phomopsis sp. FT-0211, a soil isolate, was found to produce inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Structurally related new compounds designated phenochalasins A and B were isolated from the fermentation broth of the producing strain by solvent extraction, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Phenochalasin A caused a dose-dependent reduction in the number and size of lipid droplets in macrophages without any cytotoxic effect at least up to 20 microm. On the other hand, phenochalasin B showed inhibition of lipid droplet formation with a severe cytotoxic effect on macrophages.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins: modulation of charge states and [M + H]+ to [M + Na]+ ratio.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to develop a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for determination and identification of hepatotoxic microcystins, cyanobacterial cyclic heptapeptides. To optimize the electrospray ionization conditions, factors affecting charge state distribution, such as amino acid components of sample, proton affinity of the additives, and additive concentration, were investigated in detail and a method for controlling charge states was developed to provide molecular-related ions for assignment of molecular weight and reasonably abundant precursor ions for MS/MS analysis. A procedure for identification of microcystins consisting of known amino acids was proposed: for microcystins giving abundant [M + 2H]2+ ions, the addition of nitrogen-containing bases to the aqueous sample solution is effective to obtain an increased intensity of [M + H]+ ions, whereas the addition of Lewis acids containing nitrogen can produce increased abundances of [M + 2H]2+ ions for microcystins giving weak [M + 2H]2+ ions. Microcystins possessing no arginine residue always give sodium adduct ions [M + Na]+ as the base peak, and these are difficult to fragment via low energy collision-induced dissociation to yield structurally informative products; the addition of oxalic acid increases [M + H]+ ion abundances, and these fragment readily.

Low-energy collisionally activated decomposition and structural characterization of cyclic heptapeptide microcystins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Characteristics of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/collision-induced dissociation (ESIMS/CID) mass spectra of microcystins, cyanobacterial cyclic heptapeptide hepatoxins, were examined. The collision conditions showed remarkable effects on the quality of the CID mass spectra, which were divided into three patterns according to the number of Arg residues. A characteristic cleavage reaction and neutral losses of MeOH, NH3 and guanidine group(s) from the (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4 E,6E-dienoic acid (Adda) and Arg residues were observed in the ESI and ESIMS/CID mass spectra, suggesting the most probable protonation sites in [M + H]+ and [M + 2H]2+ ions of microcystins. Microcystins with no Arg residue showed only [M + H]+ ions with a proton reacting at the methoxyl group in the Adda residue, and the ESIMS/CID/MS data revealed their structures unambiguously. The protonation site in [M + H]+ ions of microcystins with Arg residue(s) was the guanidine group. The [M + 2H]2+ ions of microcystins possessing one Arg residue had one proton on the Arg residue and probably another proton on the Adda residue, while the [M + 2H]2+ ions of microcystins having two Arg residues showed protonation at both Arg residues and the ESIMS/CID/MS data assigned their sequences. Structures of microcystins possessing one Arg residue can be assigned by ESIMS/CID/MS of [M + H]+ ions combined with those of [M + 2H]2+ ions.

Structure elucidation of roselipins, inhibitors of diacylglycerol acyltransferase produced by Gliocladium roseum KF-1040.

The structures of roselipins 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B were elucidated by spectroscopic studies including 1H-1H COSY, 13C-1H COSY, 13C-1H HMQC and 13C-1H HMBC NMR experiments, and degradation experiments. They have the common skeleton of 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonamethyl-5,9,13-trihydroxy-2E,6E, 10E-icosenoic acid modified with a D-mannose and a D-arabinitol. Roselipin A and B groups were stereoisomers at the arabinitol moiety, which esterified the fatty acid from the different terminal hydroxy residue. Roselipin 2 group was 6"-O-acetyl roselipin 1 group.

Seven new microcystins possessing two L-glutamic acid units, isolated from Anabaena sp. strain 186.

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been applied to the structure assignment of seven new microcystins (1-7), obtained from cultured Anabaena sp. strain 186. The seven new microcystins contain the dehydroalanine (Dha) or L-Ser unit instead of the N-methyldehydroalanine unit and the L-Glu and/or its delta-methyl ester [E(OMe)] units at the two variable L-amino acid units, and the structures were assigned as [Dha7]microcystin-E(OMe)E(OMe) (1), [D-Asp3,Dha7]microcystin-E(OMe)E(OMe) (2), [L-Ser7]microcystin-E(OMe)E(OMe) (3), [D-Asp3,L-Ser7]microcystin-E(OMe)E(OMe) (4), [Dha7]microcystin-EE(OMe) (5), [D-Asp3,Dha7]microcystin-EE(OMe) (6), and [L-Ser7]microcystin-EE(OMe) (7). These microcystins are the first examples containing dicarboxylic amino acids at the two variable L-amino acid units in microcystins.

A screening method for antimitotic and antifungal substances using conidia of Pyricularia oryzae, modification and application to tropical marine fungi.

A bioassay method detecting deformations of mycelia germinated from conidia of Pyricularia oryzae P-2b, has been modified to give quantitative estimations. The method was first developed using antimitotic agents which showed characteristic curling effect. Morphological deformations include curling, swelling, hyper-divergency, beads shape and so on, and inhibition of the germination was also observed. For quantitative estimations, indices were introduced for the hyphal growth inhibition and a quantity of conidia in each assay cell and concentration of test solutions were adjusted. Details of the modified method and the application to screening assay of marine fungi isolated in Yap Islands are described. Eight strains of 109 tested showed morphological deformations, and chaetoglobosin A was isolated from the broth filtrate of a strain assigned to Chaetomium sp. This bioassay is a cheap, quick and easy method to be applied to the primary screening for antimitotic and antifungal substances from natural sources.

Structure--activity relationships of the didemnins.

Bioactivities of 42 didemnin congeners, either isolated from the marine tunicates Trididemnun solidum and Aplidium albicans or prepared synthetically and semisynthetically, have been compared. The growth inhibition of various murine and human tumor cells and plaque reduction of HSV-1 and VSV grown on cultured mammalian cells were used to assess cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. Biochemical assays for macromolecular synthesis (protein, DNA, and RNA) and enzyme inhibition (dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate synthase, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and topoisomerases I and II) were also performed to specify the mechanisms of action of each analogue. Immunosuppressive activity of the didemnins was determined using a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. These assays revealed that the native cyclic depsipeptide core is an essential structural requirement for most of the bioactivites of the didemnins, especially for cytotoxicities and antiviral activities. The linear side-chain portion of the peptide can be altered with a gain, in some cases, of bioactivities. In particular, dehydrodidemnin B, tested against several types of tumor cells and in in vivo studies in mice, as well as didemnin M, tested for the mixed lymphocyte reaction and graft vs host reaction in murine systems, showed remarkable gains in their in vitro and in vivo activities compared to didemnin B.

Isolation and identification of 12 microcystins from four strains and two bloom samples of Microcystis spp.: structure of a new hepatotoxin.

Sixteen microcystins, cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins, were isolated and purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) from four hepatotoxic strains and two Microcystis spp. bloom samples originating from five different lakes in Finland. The structures of a new [Dha7]MCYST-FR and 11 known microcystins MCYST-LR, [D-Asp3]MCYST-LR, [Dha7]MCYST-LR, [D-Asp3, Dha7] MCYST-LR, MCYST-RR, [D-Asp3]MCYST-RR, [Dha7]MCYST-RR, [D-Asp3,Dha7]MCYST-RR, [L-Ser7]MCYST-RR, MCYST-YR and [Dha7] MCYST-YR were assigned based on amino acid analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) and tandem FABMS. Four other new compounds allowed only determination of their molecular formulas and amino acid components because of inadequate amounts obtained. [Dha7]MCYST-RR was found most frequently in these samples as the main toxin.

Clinical and pathologic findings of blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) intoxication in a dog.

A healthy dog developed signs of lethargy and vomiting after ingesting water from a tide pool containing blue-green algae. Fulminant hepatic failure occurred, and the dog was euthanized 52 hours later. At necropsy, the liver was large, friable, and discolored a dark red. Histopathology showed hepatocyte dissociation, degeneration, and necrosis. The alga was identified as Microcystis aeruginosa, a known hepatotoxin. The intraperitoneal administration of lyophilized cell material from the bloom caused hepatic necrosis in mice.

Chemical study of the hepatotoxins from Microcystis aeruginosa collected in California.

Four cyclic peptide toxins were purified and quantified from the aqueous extract of algal cell material utilizing high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The cyclic peptide toxins appear to be similar structurally to hepatotoxins from previously identified blooms of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.